3D Internet global map program
Google Earth
is a
computer program
that renders a
3D
representation of
Earth
based primarily on
satellite imagery
. The program maps the Earth by
superimposing
satellite images,
aerial photography
, and
GIS data
onto a 3D globe, allowing users to see cities and landscapes from various angles. Users can explore the globe by entering addresses and coordinates, or by using a
keyboard
or
mouse
. The program can also be downloaded on a
smartphone
or
tablet
, using a
touch screen
or
stylus
to navigate. Users may use the program to add their own data using
Keyhole Markup Language
and upload them through various sources, such as forums or
blogs
. Google Earth is able to show various kinds of images overlaid on the surface of the Earth and is also a
Web Map Service
client. In 2019,
Google
revealed that Google Earth now covers more than 97 percent of the world, and has captured 10 million miles of Street View imagery.
[7]
In addition to Earth navigation, Google Earth provides a series of other tools through the desktop application, including a measure distance tool. Additional globes for the
Moon
and
Mars
are available, as well as a tool for viewing the
night sky
. A
flight simulator
game is also included. Other features allow users to view photos from various places uploaded to
Panoramio
, information provided by
Wikipedia
on some locations, and Street View imagery. The web-based version of Google Earth also includes Voyager, a feature that periodically adds in-program tours, often presented by scientists and documentarians.
Google Earth has been viewed by some as a threat to
privacy
and
national security
, leading to the program being banned in multiple countries.
[8]
Some countries have requested that certain areas be obscured in Google's satellite images, usually areas containing military facilities.
History
[
edit
]
The core
technology
behind Google Earth was originally developed at Intrinsic Graphics in the late 1990s. At the time, the company was developing 3D gaming software libraries.
[9]
As a demo of their 3D software, they created a spinning globe that could be zoomed into, similar to the
Powers of Ten
film.
[9]
The demo was popular, but the board of Intrinsic wanted to remain focused on gaming, so in 1999, they created Keyhole, Inc., headed by
John Hanke
.
[9]
Keyhole then developed a way to stream large databases of mapping data over the internet to client software, a key part of the technology,
[10]
and acquired patchworks of mapping data from governments and other sources.
[9]
The product, called "Keyhole EarthViewer", was sold on CDs for use in fields such as
real estate
,
urban planning
,
defense
, and
intelligence
; users paid a yearly fee for the service.
[10]
Despite making a number of capital deals with
Nvidia
and
Sony
,
[10]
the small company was struggling to pay and retain employees.
[9]
Fortunes for the company changed in early 2003 during the
2003 invasion of Iraq
, when Dave Lorenzini (Director at Keyhole) enticed
CNN
,
ABC
,
CBS
and other major news networks to use their sophisticated 3D flyby imagery to illustrate Baghdad Activities for viewers, in exchange for on-air attribution.
[10]
[9]
During the invasion, It was used extensively by
Miles O'Brien
and other on-air broadcasters, allowing CNN and millions of viewers to follow the progress of the war in a way that had never been seen before.
[10]
[9]
Public interest in the software exploded and Keyhole servers were not able to keep up with demand.
[10]
[9]
Keyhole was soon contacted by the
Central Intelligence Agency
's venture capital firm,
In-Q-Tel
,
[11]
and the
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
,
[12]
for use with defense mapping databases, which gave Keyhole a much-needed cash infusion.
[9]
Intrinsic Graphics was sold in 2003 to
Vicarious Visions
after its gaming libraries did not sell well, and its core group of engineers and management including Brian McClendon and Michael Jones transitioned to Keyhole with Hanke remaining at the head.
[9]
At the time, Google was finding that over 25% of its searches were of a geospatial character, including searches for maps and directions.
[9]
In October 2004, Google acquired Keyhole as part of a strategy to better serve its users.
[13]
In 2021, Google replaced its layers feature with a new one on its Google Earth software.
[14]
This replacement consolidated some layers, but also removed some layers and features.
[15]
Imagery
[
edit
]
Google Earth's imagery is displayed on a digital
globe
, which displays the planet's surface using a single composited image from a far distance. After zooming in far enough, the imagery transitions into different imagery of the same area with finer detail, which varies in date and time from one area to the next. The imagery is retrieved from
satellites
or
aircraft
.
[16]
Before the launch of
NASA
and the
USGS's
Landsat 8
satellite, Google relied partially on imagery from
Landsat 7
, which suffered from a hardware malfunction that left diagonal gaps in images.
[17]
In 2013, Google used
datamining
to remedy the issue, providing what was described as a successor to the
Blue Marble
image of Earth, with a single large image of the entire planet. This was achieved by combining multiple sets of imagery taken from Landsat 7 to eliminate clouds and diagonal gaps, creating a single "mosaic" image.
[18]
Google now uses a myriad of sources to provide imagery in a higher quality and with greater frequency.
[19]
Imagery is hosted on Google's servers, which are contacted by the application when opened, requiring an Internet connection.
Imagery resolution ranges from 15 meters of resolution to 15 centimeters.
[
citation needed
]
For much of the Earth, Google Earth uses
digital elevation model
data collected by
NASA
's
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
.
[20]
This creates the impression of three-dimensional terrain, even where the imagery is only two-dimensional.
Google asserts that every image created from Google Earth using satellite data provided by Google Earth is a
copyrighted
map. Any derivative from Google Earth is made from data on which Google claims copyright under
United States Copyright Law
. Google grants licenses in this data allowing, among other things, non-commercial personal use of the images (e.g., on a personal website or blog) as long as copyrights and attributions are preserved.
[21]
By contrast, images created with NASA's globe software
WorldWind
use
The Blue Marble
,
Landsat
, or USGS imagery, each of which is in the
public domain
.
In version 5.0, Google introduced Historical Imagery, allowing users to view earlier imagery. Clicking the
clock
icon in the toolbar opens a time slider, which marks the time of available imagery from the past. This feature allows for observation of an area's changes over time.
[22]
Utilizing the timelapse feature allows for the ability to view a zoom-able video as far back as 32 years.
[23]
3D imagery
[
edit
]
Google Earth shows
3D
building models
in some cities, including photorealistic 3D imagery made using
photogrammetry
.
[24]
The first 3D buildings in Google Earth were created using
3D modeling
applications such as
SketchUp
and, beginning in 2009,
Building Maker
,
[25]
and were uploaded to Google Earth via the
3D Warehouse
. In June 2012, Google announced that it would be replacing user-generated 3D buildings with an auto-generated 3D mesh.
[26]
This would be phased in, starting with select larger cities, with the notable exception of cities such as
London
and
Toronto
which required more time to process detailed imagery of their vast number of buildings. The reason given is to have greater uniformity in 3D buildings and to compete with
Nokia Here
and
Apple Maps
, which were already using this technology. The coverage began that year in 21 cities in four countries.
[27]
By early 2016, 3D imagery had been expanded to hundreds of cities in over 40 countries, including every
U.S. state
and encompassing every continent except Antarctica.
In 2009, in a collaboration between
Google
and the
Museo del Prado
in
Madrid
, the museum selected 14 of its paintings to be photographed and displayed at the resolution of 14,000
megapixels
inside the 3D version of the Prado in Google Earth and
Google Maps
.
[28]
[29]
Street View
[
edit
]
On April 15, 2008, with version 4.3, Google fully integrated
Street View
into Google Earth.
[30]
Street View displays 360° panoramic street-level photos of select cities and their surroundings. The photos were taken by cameras mounted on automobiles, can be viewed at different scales and from many angles, and are navigable by arrow icons imposed on them.
Using Street View on Google Earth, users can visit and explore 30 UNESCO
World Heritage Sites
with historical context and pins for each. The sites include the
Great Pyramid
, the
Taj Mahal
,
Sagrada Familia
, the
Dolomites
, the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
, and the
Great Sphinx
.
[31]
In 2019, Walt Disney World partnered with Google to create Pixar Street View. A unique activation that enabled viewers to search for hidden Pixar Easter eggs in Toy Story Land at Disney's Hollywood Studios through street view. This creative collaboration elevated Pixar's iconic tradition of hiding Easter eggs in films and introduced it to an immersive new platform.
[32]
Water and ocean
[
edit
]
Introduced in Google Earth 5.0 in 2009, the Google Ocean feature allows users to zoom below the surface of the ocean and view the 3D
bathymetry
. Supporting over 20 content layers, it contains information from leading scientists and
oceanographers
.
[33]
On April 14, 2009, Google added bathymetric data for the
Great Lakes
.
[34]
[35]
In June 2011, Google increased the resolution of some deep ocean floor areas from 1-kilometer grids to 100 meters.
[36]
The high-resolution features were developed by oceanographers at Columbia University's Lamont?Doherty Earth Observatory from scientific data collected on research cruises. The sharper focus is available for about 5 percent of the oceans. This can be seen in the Hudson off New York City, the Wini Seamount near Hawaii, and the
Mendocino Ridge
off the U.S. Pacific coast.
[37]
Outer space
[
edit
]
Google has programs and features, including within Google Earth, allowing exploration of
Mars
, the
Moon
, the view of the sky from Earth and
outer space
, including the surfaces of various objects in the
Solar System
.
Google Sky
[
edit
]
Google Sky is a feature that was introduced in Google Earth 4.2 on August 22, 2007, in a browser-based application on March 13, 2008,
[38]
and to
Android
smartphones
, with
augmented reality
features. Google Sky allows users to view
stars
and other celestial bodies.
[39]
It was produced by
Google
through a partnership with the
Space Telescope Science Institute
(STScI) in Baltimore, the science operations center for the
Hubble Space Telescope
. Dr.
Alberto Conti
and his co-developer Dr. Carol Christian of STScI planned to add the public images from 2007,
[40]
as well as color images of all of the archived data from Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. Then-newly released
Hubble
pictures were added to the Google Sky program as soon as they were issued.
New features such as multi-wavelength data, positions of major satellites and their
orbits
as well as educational resources are provided to the Google Earth community and also through Christian and Conti's website for Sky.
[41]
Also visible on Sky mode are constellations, stars, galaxies, and animations depicting the planets in their orbits. A real-time Google Sky
mashup
of recent astronomical transients, using the
VOEvent
protocol, is provided by the VOEventNet collaboration.
[42]
Other programs similar to Google Sky include
Microsoft WorldWide Telescope
and
Stellarium
.
Google Mars
[
edit
]
Google Mars is an application within Google Earth that is a version of the program for imagery of the planet Mars. Google also operates a browser-based version, although the maps are of a much higher resolution within Google Earth, and include 3D terrain, as well as
infrared
imagery and elevation data. There are also some extremely high-resolution images from the
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
's
HiRISE
camera that are of a similar resolution to those of the cities on Earth. Finally, there are many high-resolution panoramic images from various Mars landers, such as the
Mars Exploration Rovers
,
Spirit
and
Opportunity
, that can be viewed in a similar way to
Google Street View
.
Mars also has a small application found near the
face on Mars
. It is called Meliza, a robot character the user can speak with.
[43]
Google Moon
[
edit
]
Originally a browser application, Google Moon is a feature that allows exploration of the Moon. Google brought the feature to Google Earth for the 40th anniversary of the
Apollo 11
mission on July 20, 2009.
[44]
It was announced and demonstrated to a group of invited guests by Google along with
Buzz Aldrin
at the
Newseum
in
Washington, D.C.
[45]
[46]
Google Moon includes several tours, including one for the
Apollo missions
, incorporating maps, videos, and Street View-style panoramas, all provided by
NASA
.
Other features
[
edit
]
Google Earth has numerous features that allow the user to learn about specific places. These are called "layers", and include different forms of media, including photo and video. Some layers include tours, which guide the user between specific places in a set order. Layers are created using the
Keyhole Markup Language
, or KML, which users can also use to create customized layers.
[47]
Locations can be marked with placemarks and organized in folders; For example, a user can use placemarks to list interesting landmarks around the globe, then provide a description with photos and videos, which can be viewed by clicking on the placemarks while viewing the new layer in the application.
In December 2006, Google Earth added a new integration with
Wikipedia
and
Panoramio
. For the Wikipedia layer, entries are
scraped
for coordinates via the
Coord templates
. There is also a community layer from the project
Wikipedia-World
. More coordinates are used, different types are in the display, and different languages are supported than the built-in Wikipedia layer.
[48]
[49]
The Panoramio layer features pictures uploaded by Panoramio users, placed in Google Earth based on user-provided location data. In addition to flat images, Google Earth also includes a layer for user-submitted panoramic photos, navigable in a similar way to Street View.
Google Earth includes multiple features that allow the user to monitor current events. In 2007, Google began offering users the ability to monitor traffic data provided by
Google Traffic
in real-time, based on information
crowdsourced
from the GPS-identified locations of cell phone users.
[50]
Flight simulators
[
edit
]
In Google Earth 4.2, a
flight simulator
was added to the application. It was originally a
hidden feature
when introduced in 2007, but starting with 4.3, it was given a labeled option in the menu. In addition to keyboard control, the simulator can be controlled with a mouse or joystick.
[51]
[52]
The simulator also runs with animation, allowing objects such as planes to animate while on the simulator.
[53]
Another flight simulator,
GeoFS
, was created under the name GEFS-Online using the Google Earth Plug-in
API
to operate within a
web browser
. As of September 1, 2015, the program now uses the open-source program CesiumJS, due to the Google Earth Plug-in being discontinued.
[54]
Liquid Galaxy
[
edit
]
Liquid Galaxy is a cluster of computers running Google Earth creating an
immersive experience
. On September 30, 2010, Google made the configuration and schematics for their rigs public,
[55]
placing code and setup guides on the Liquid Galaxy wiki.
[56]
Liquid Galaxy has also been used as a panoramic photo viewer using KRpano, as well as a Google Street View viewer using Peruse-a-Rue
[57]
Peruse-a-Rue is a method for synchronizing multiple
Maps API
clients.
[58]
Versions
[
edit
]
| This article
is missing information
about the specific versions and their respective differences.
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
talk page
.
(
January 2023
)
|
Google Earth has been released on
macOS
,
Linux
,
iOS
, and
Android
. The
Linux
version began with the version 4 beta of Google Earth, as a native port using the
Qt toolkit
. The
Free Software Foundation
considers the development of a free compatible client for Google Earth to be a
High Priority Free Software Project
.
[59]
Google Earth was released for Android on February 22, 2010,
[60]
and on iOS on October 27, 2008.
[61]
[62]
The mobile versions of Google Earth can make use of
multi-touch
interfaces to move on the globe, zoom or rotate the view, and allow to select the current location. An automotive version of Google Earth was made available in the 2010
Audi A8
.
[63]
On February 27, 2020, Google opened up its web-based version of Earth to browsers like Firefox, Edge, and Opera.
[64]
[65]
Version history
Version
|
Release date
|
Changes
|
1.0
|
June 10, 2001
|
|
1.4
|
January 2002
|
|
1.6
|
February 2003
|
|
1.7.2
|
October 2003
|
|
2.2
|
August 2004
|
|
3.0
|
June 2005
|
- The first version was released after Google acquired Keyhole, Inc.
|
4.0
|
June 2006
|
|
4.1
|
May 2007
|
|
4.2
|
August 2007
|
- Google Sky was introduced
- A flight simulator was added
|
4.3
|
April 2008
|
- First release to implement KML version 2.2
- Google Street View was added
|
5.0
|
May 2009
|
- Google Ocean was introduced
- Historical Imagery was introduced
|
5.1
|
November 2009
|
|
5.2
|
July 2010
|
- Last version to support Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger (PPC & Intel) and 10.5 Leopard (PPC)
|
6.0
|
March 2011
|
|
6.1
|
October 2011
|
|
6.2
|
April 2012
|
- Last version to support Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard (Intel)
|
7.0
|
December 2012
|
- Support for 3D Imagery data was introduced
- Tour Guide was introduced
|
7.1
|
April 2013
|
- Last version to support Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard and Mac OS X 10.7 Lion
|
7.3
|
July 2017
|
- Google Earth Pro became the standard version of the desktop program. (A free license key was also publicly provided by Google for all the earlier Pro versions.)
[66]
- The desktop application continues to be Google Earth Pro 7.3, with infrequent updates.
|
8.0
|
October 2014
|
- Android-only update with new 3D rendering engine and feature to import KML files from Google Drive.
[67]
|
9.0
|
April 2017
|
- Redesign of the mobile and web apps featuring Voyager, "I'm Feeling Lucky" button, and 3D mode.
[68]
- iOS received update in August 2017.
[69]
|
10.0
|
September 2023
|
- Mobile and web apps updated to latest
Material Design
theme with support for project creation. Voyager was removed from app.
[70]
|
Google Earth Pro
[
edit
]
Google Earth Pro was originally the business-oriented upgrade to Google Earth, with features such as a movie maker and data importer. Up until late January 2015, it was available for $399/year, though Google decided to make it free to the public.
[71]
[72]
Google Earth Pro is currently the standard version of the Google Earth desktop application as of version 7.3.
[73]
The Pro version includes add-on software for movie making, advanced printing, and precise measurements, and is available for
Windows
,
macOS
, and
Linux
.
[74]
Google Earth Plus
[
edit
]
Discontinued in December 2008, Google Earth Plus was a paid subscription upgrade to Google Earth that provided customers with the following features, most of which have become available in the free Google Earth.
[75]
One such feature was GPS integration, which allowed users to read tracks and waypoints from a
GPS
device. A variety of third-party applications have been created which provide this functionality using the basic version of Google Earth by generating KML or KMZ files based on user-specified or user-recorded waypoints.
Google Earth Enterprise
[
edit
]
Google Earth Enterprise is designed for use by organizations whose businesses could take advantage of the program's capabilities, for example by having a globe that holds company data available for anyone in that company.
[76]
As of March 20, 2015, Google has retired the Google Earth Enterprise product, with support ended on March 22, 2017.
[77]
Google Earth Enterprise allowed developers to create maps and 3D globes for private use, and host them through the platform. GEE Fusion, GEE Server, and GEE Portable Server source code was published on GitHub under the Apache2 license in March 2017.
[78]
Google Earth Studio
[
edit
]
Google Earth Studio is a web-based version of Google Earth used for animations using Google Earth's 3D imagery. As of June 2021, it is preview-only and requires signing up to use it.
[79]
It features keyframe animation, presets called "Quick-Start Projects", and 3D camera export.
[80]
Google Earth 9
[
edit
]
Google Earth 9 is a version of Google Earth first released on April 18, 2017, having been in development for two years.
[81]
The main feature of this version was the launching of a new web version of Google Earth.
[82]
This version added the "Voyager" feature, whereby users can view a portal page containing guided tours led by scientists and documentarians.
[83]
The version also added an "I'm Feeling Lucky" button, represented by a die, which takes the user to a random location on Earth along with showing them a "Knowledge Card" containing a short excerpt from the location's Wikipedia article.
[83]
Google Earth Plug-in
[
edit
]
The Google Earth API was a free beta service, allowing users to place a version of Google Earth into web pages. The API enabled sophisticated 3D map applications to be built.
[84]
At its unveiling at Google's 2008 I/O developer conference, the company showcased potential applications such as a game where the player controlled a milktruck atop a Google Earth surface.
[85]
The Google Earth API has been deprecated as of December 15, 2014, and remained supported until December 15, 2015.
[86]
Google Chrome ended support for the
Netscape Plugin API
(which the Google Earth API relies on) by the end of 2016.
[87]
Google Earth VR
[
edit
]
On November 16, 2016, Google released a
virtual reality
version of Google Earth for
Valve
's
Steam
computer gaming platform.
[88]
[89]
Google Earth VR allows users to navigate using VR controllers, and is currently compatible with the
Oculus Rift
and
HTC Vive
virtual reality headsets
. On September 14, 2017, as part of Google Earth VR's 1.4 update, Google added Street View support.
[90]
Google Earth Outreach
[
edit
]
Google Earth Outreach
is a charity program, through which Google promotes and donates to various non-profit organizations. Beginning in 2007, donations are often accompanied by layers featured in Google Earth, allowing users to view a non-profit's projects and goals by navigating to certain related locations.
[91]
Google Earth Outreach offers online training on using Google Earth and Google Maps for public education on issues affecting local regions or the entire globe. In June 2008, training was given to 20 indigenous tribes in the Amazon rainforest, such as the
Surui
, to help them preserve their culture and raise awareness for the problem of deforestation.
[92]
Non-profit organizations featured in Google Earth via the Outreach program include
Arkive
, the
Global Heritage Fund
,
WaterAid
, and the
World Wide Fund for Nature
.
[93]
[94]
Google Earth Engine
[
edit
]
Google Earth Engine
is a
cloud computing
platform for processing
satellite imagery
and other geospatial and observation data. It provides access to a large database of satellite imagery and the computational power needed to analyze those images.
[95]
Google Earth Engine allows observation of dynamic changes in agriculture, natural resources, and climate using geospatial data from the
Landsat
satellite program, which
passes over
the same places on the Earth every sixteen days.
[96]
[97]
Google Earth Engine has become a platform that makes Landsat and Sentinel-2 data easily accessible to researchers in collaboration with the Google Cloud Storage.
[96]
Google Earth Engine provides a data catalog along with computers for analysis; this allows scientists to collaborate using data, algorithms, and visualizations.
[98]
The platform provides Python and JavaScript application programming interfaces for making requests to the servers,
[99]
and includes a graphical user interface
[100]
for developing applications.
An early prototype of Earth Engine, based on the
Carnegie Institute for Science's
CLASlite system and
Imazon
's Sistema de Alerta de Desmatamento (SAD) was demonstrated in 2009
[101]
at
COP15
, and Earth Engine was officially launched in 2010
[102]
at
COP16
, along with maps of the water in the
Congo basin
and forests in Mexico produced by researchers using the tool.
In 2013, researchers from
University of Maryland
produced the first high-resolution global forest cover and loss maps using Earth Engine, reporting an overall loss in global forest cover.
[103]
Other early applications using Earth Engine spanned a diverse variety of topics, including: Tiger Habitat Monitoring,
[104]
Malaria Risk Mapping,
[105]
Global Surface Water,
[106]
increases in vegetation around Mount Everest,
[107]
and the annual
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
.
[108]
Since then, Earth Engine has been used in the production of hundreds of scientific journal articles
[109]
in many fields including: forestry and agriculture, hydrology, natural disaster monitoring and assessment, urban mapping, atmospheric and climate sciences and soil mapping.
[109]
Earth Engine has been free for academic and research purposes since its launch, but commercial use was prohibited until 2021, when Google announced a preview of Earth Engine as a commercial cloud offering and early adopters that included Unilever, USDA and Climate Engine.
[110]
Controversy and criticism
[
edit
]
The software has been criticized by a number of
special interest groups
, including national officials, as being an
invasion of privacy
or posing a threat to
national security
. The typical argument is that the software provides information about military or other critical installations that could be used by terrorists. Google Earth has been blocked by Google in Iran
[111]
and Sudan
[112]
since 2007, due to United States government export restrictions. The program has also been blocked in Morocco since 2006 by Maroc Telecom, a major service provider in the country.
[113]
In the academic realm, increasing attention has been devoted to both Google Earth and its place in the development of digital globes. In particular,
the International Journal of Digital Earth
features multiple articles evaluating and comparing the development of Google Earth and its differences when compared to other professional, scientific, and governmental platforms.
[114]
Google Earth's role in the expansion of "Earth observing media" has been examined to understand how it is shaping a shared cultural consciousness regarding climate change and humanity's capacity to treat the Earth as an engineerable object.
[115]
Defense
[
edit
]
- In 2006, one user spotted a large topographical replica in a remote region of China. The model is a small-scale (1/500) version of the
Karakoram
Mountain Range, which is under the control of China but claimed by India. When later confirmed as a replica of this region, spectators began entertaining military implications.
[116]
[117]
- In July 2007, it was reported that a new
Chinese Navy
Jin
-class
nuclear
ballistic missile
submarine
was photographed at the Xiaopingdao Submarine Base south of
Dalian
.
[118]
- Hamas
and the
al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
have reportedly used Google Earth to plan
Qassam rocket
attacks on Israel from Gaza. (See:
Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
)
[119]
[120]
- On February 13, 2019, 3D imagery was launched in four of
Taiwan
's
cities
:
Taipei
,
New Taipei
,
Taoyuan
, and
Taichung
. This has caused concerns from Taiwanese officials, such as Taiwan's
Defense Minister
Yen Teh-fa
, saying that the 3D imagery exposed some of its
Patriot
missile sites. Ten days later on February 23, Google confirmed that it would be removing all of its 3D imagery from Taiwan.
[121]
[122]
[123]
National security
[
edit
]
- Former
President of India
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
expressed concern over the availability of high-resolution pictures of sensitive locations in India.
[124]
Google subsequently agreed to censor such sites.
[125]
- The
Indian Space Research Organisation
said Google Earth poses a security threat to India and seeks dialogue with Google officials.
[126]
- The
South Korean
government expressed concern that the software offers images of the
presidential palace
and various military installations that could possibly be used by its hostile neighbor
North Korea
.
[127]
- In 2006, Google Earth began offering detailed images of classified areas in Israel. The images showed
Israel Defense Forces
bases, including secret
Israeli Air Force
facilities, Israel's
Arrow missile
defense system, military headquarters and Defense Ministry compound in
Tel Aviv
, a top-secret power station near
Ashkelon
, and the
Negev Nuclear Research Center
. Also shown was the alleged headquarters of
Mossad
, Israel's foreign intelligence service, whose location is highly classified.
[128]
- As a result of pressure from the
United States government
, the residence of the
Vice President
at
Number One Observatory Circle
was obscured through
pixelization
in Google Earth and
Google Maps
in 2006, but this restriction has since been lifted. The usefulness of this downgrade is questionable, as high-resolution photos and aerial surveys of the property are readily available on the Internet elsewhere.
[129]
Capitol Hill
also used to be pixelized in this way. The Royal Stables in
The Hague
,
Netherlands
, also used to be pixelized. This is also true for airports in Greece.
- The lone surviving gunman involved in the
2008 Mumbai attacks
admitted to using Google Earth to familiarise himself with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.
[130]
- Michael Finton
, aka Talib Islam, used Google Earth in planning his attempted September 24, 2009, bombing of the Paul Findley Federal Building and the adjacent offices of Congressman
Aaron Schock
in
Springfield, Illinois
.
[131]
Other concerns
[
edit
]
- Operators of the
Lucas Heights nuclear reactor
in
Sydney
,
New South Wales
, Australia, asked Google to censor high-resolution pictures of the facility.
[132]
They later withdrew the request.
[133]
- In 2009, Google superimposed old woodblock prints of maps from 18th- and 19th-century Japan over Japan today. These maps marked areas inhabited by the
burakumin
caste, formerly known as
eta
(穢多), literally "abundance of defilement", who were considered "non-humans" for their "dirty" occupations, including
leather tanning
and
butchery
. Descendants of members of the burakumin caste still face discrimination today and many Japanese people feared that some would use these areas, labeled
etamura
(穢多村 "eta village"), to target current inhabitants of them. These maps are still visible on Google Earth, but with the label removed where necessary.
[134]
- Late 2000s versions of Google Earth require a software component running in the background that will automatically download and install updates. Several users expressed concerns that there is not an easy way to disable this updater, as it runs without the permission of the user.
[135]
- In February 2014, the Berlin-based ART+COM charged that Google Earth products infringe U.S. Patent No. RE44,550, entitled "Method and Device for Pictorial Representation of Space-related Data" and had remarkable similarity to
Terravision
which was developed by ART+COM in 1993 and patented in 1995.
[136]
The court decided against Art+Com both at trial
[137]
and on appeal
[138]
because trial testimony showed that Art+Com was aware of an existing, substantially similar invention that it failed to mention as "prior art" in its patent application, thereby invalidating their patent. Stephen Lau, a former employee of federally funded, not-for-profit Stanford Research Institute ("SRI") testified that he helped develop SRI Terravision, an earth visualization application, and that he wrote 89% of the code. He further testified that he shared and discussed SRI Terravision code with Art+Com. Both systems used a multi-resolution pyramid of imagery to let users zoom from high to low altitudes, and both were called Terravision. Art+Com agreed to rename their product because SRI's came first. Stephen Lau died from COVID-19 in March 2020.
[139]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
Google Earth is featured prominently in the 2021 German miniseries
The Billion Dollar Code
, which serves as a fictionalized account of a 2014 patent infringement lawsuit brought against Google by the German creators of
Terravision
.
[140]
The series, which was shown on Netflix is prefaced by an episode of interviews with the ART+COM developers of Terravision and their legal representative.
[141]
One of the co-founders of Keyhole has published a first-hand account claiming to debunk the origins, timelines and interpretations depicted in the fictionalized miniseries.
[142]
Not shown in the mini-series was that the patent owned by ART+COM and used to challenge Google was completely invalidated, after it was shown that another so-called TerraVision, this one at the Stanford Research Institute, predated ART+COM's ideas by several years.
[143]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"See notes on Google Earth releases"
.
Google Earth Help
. Retrieved
March 8,
2024
.
- ^
"PPA: Google Earth"
.
UbuntuUpdates
. Retrieved
March 8,
2024
.
- ^
"Google Earth APKs"
.
APKMirror
. Retrieved
March 8,
2024
.
- ^
"Google Earth on the App Store"
.
Apple
App Store
. Retrieved
April 17,
2024
.
- ^
"Google Earth on Web"
.
Google
. Retrieved
April 17,
2024
.
- ^
"Install & uninstall Google Earth Pro"
.
Google Earth Help
.
Archived
from the original on January 11, 2023
. Retrieved
January 11,
2023
.
- ^
"Google reveals just how much of the world it's mapped with Street View and Earth"
.
www.theverge.com
. December 13, 2019.
Archived
from the original on May 25, 2022
. Retrieved
December 18,
2021
.
- ^
"US general claims Google Earth is a risk to security"
.
IT PRO
. June 22, 2007.
Archived
from the original on July 16, 2022
. Retrieved
July 16,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Bill Kilday (2018).
Never Lost Again: The Google Mapping Revolution That Sparked New Industries and Augmented Our Reality
. HarperBusiness.
ISBN
978-0062673046
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Kevin Manney (March 21, 2003).
"Tiny tech company awes viewers"
.
USA Today
.
Archived
from the original on September 13, 2012
. Retrieved
August 29,
2017
.
- ^
"Meet The CIA's Venture Capitalist"
.
Bloomberg Businessweek
. Archived from
the original
on June 5, 2013.
- ^
"Oakland emails give another glimpse into the Google-Military-Surveillance Complex"
.
PandoDaily
. March 7, 2014. Archived from
the original
on May 8, 2016
. Retrieved
August 14,
2017
.
- ^
"Google Acquires Keyhole"
.
Wall Street Journal
. October 27, 2004.
Archived
from the original on December 4, 2017
. Retrieved
December 3,
2017
.
- ^
Staff (July 20, 2021).
"New layers set in Google Earth Pro!"
.
Google Earth Help
.
Archived
from the original on November 9, 2021
. Retrieved
November 9,
2011
.
- ^
"County boundaries and other information missing from new Borders and Labels layer"
.
Google Earth Help
. September 4, 2021.
Archived
from the original on November 9, 2021
. Retrieved
November 9,
2021
.
- ^
"How images are collected"
.
Archived
from the original on September 19, 2017
. Retrieved
August 6,
2017
.
- ^
"SLC-off Products: Background"
. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
the original
on August 7, 2017
. Retrieved
August 6,
2017
.
- ^
"Only clear skies on Google Maps and Earth"
. June 26, 2013.
Archived
from the original on August 7, 2017
. Retrieved
August 6,
2017
.
- ^
"Google Earth and Maps get sharper satellite imagery with new update"
. Tech Crunch. June 27, 2016.
Archived
from the original on August 7, 2017
. Retrieved
August 6,
2017
.
- ^
Farr, Tom G.; Rosen, Paul A.; Caro, Edward; Crippen, Robert; Duren, Riley; Hensley, Scott; Kobrick, Michael; Paller, Mimi; Rodriguez, Ernesto; Roth, Ladislav; Seal, David; Shaffer, Scott; Shimada, Joanne; Umland, Jeffrey; Werner, Marian; Oskin, Michael; Burbank, Douglas; Alsdorf, Douglas (2007). "The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission".
Reviews of Geophysics
.
45
(2): RG2004.
Bibcode
:
2007RvGeo..45.2004F
.
CiteSeerX
10.1.1.102.9372
.
doi
:
10.1029/2005RG000183
.
S2CID
140735782
.
- ^
"Can I post images to the web?"
. Google Earth Help Center.
Archived
from the original on September 27, 2011
. Retrieved
January 20,
2007
.
- ^
"Dive into New Google Earth"
.
Archived
from the original on February 3, 2009
. Retrieved
February 3,
2009
.
- ^
"Timelapse."
Google Earth Engine
, earthengine.google.com/timelapse/.
- ^
Gopal Shah,
Google Earth's Incredible 3D Imagery, Explained
Archived
June 11, 2020, at the
Wayback Machine
, April 18, 2017
- ^
"Introducing Google Building Maker"
.
Archived
from the original on August 19, 2016
. Retrieved
July 24,
2016
.
- ^
"Explore the world with tour guide and 3D imagery in Google Earth 7"
. Google LatLong Blog.
Archived
from the original on January 28, 2016
. Retrieved
July 24,
2016
.
- ^
"Google Earth adds new 3D imagery in 21 cities to its 11,000 guided tours of our planet"
. November 2012.
Archived
from the original on February 21, 2019
. Retrieved
July 24,
2016
.
- ^
Giles Tremlett
(January 14, 2009).
"Online gallery zooms in on Prado's masterpieces (even the smutty bits)"
.
The Guardian
. London.
Archived
from the original on February 2, 2017
. Retrieved
December 11,
2016
.
- ^
"14 masterpieces from the Museo del Prado in mega-high resolution on Google Earth"
. Museo del Prado. January 14, 2009.
Archived
from the original on December 4, 2017
. Retrieved
December 3,
2017
.
- ^
Hoffman, Tony (May 6, 2008).
"Google Earth 4.3"
.
PC Magazine
.
Archived
from the original on February 21, 2019
. Retrieved
January 1,
2018
.
- ^
"Check out 30 famous World Heritage sites you can virtually visit on Google Earth while social distancing"
.
Business Insider
.
Archived
from the original on March 21, 2020
. Retrieved
March 22,
2020
.
- ^
"Pixar Easter Eggs Hidden in Google Street View Imagery of Toy Story Land at Disney's Hollywood Studios"
.
Disney Parks Blog
. July 5, 2019.
Archived
from the original on November 5, 2020
. Retrieved
October 9,
2020
.
- ^
"Google Earth dives under the sea"
.
BBC News
. February 2, 2009.
Archived
from the original on March 10, 2012
. Retrieved
May 3,
2010
.
- ^
"Google Earth now includes US "Third Coast"
"
.
Archived
from the original on January 11, 2016
. Retrieved
December 10,
2020
.
- ^
"New View of Ocean Floor in Google Earth"
.
Gearthblog.com
. January 18, 2009.
Archived
from the original on August 3, 2017
. Retrieved
August 25,
2010
.
- ^
"New Google Ocean Maps Dive Deep"
. The Earth Institute ? Columbia University. June 8, 2011.
Archived
from the original on April 5, 2012
. Retrieved
July 30,
2012
.
- ^
"Google Lat Long: See the seafloor like never before on World Oceans Day"
. Google-latlong.blogspot.com. June 8, 2011.
Archived
from the original on June 21, 2013
. Retrieved
June 15,
2013
.
- ^
"Google Sky"
.
Archived
from the original on July 31, 2012
. Retrieved
July 30,
2012
.
- ^
"Explore the sky with Google Earth"
. August 22, 2007.
Archived
from the original on July 3, 2012
. Retrieved
August 22,
2007
.
- ^
"Celestial add-on points Google Earth at the stars ? tech ? August 22, 2007 ? New Scientist Tech"
. Technology.newscientist.com.
Archived
from the original on September 16, 2012
. Retrieved
August 25,
2010
.
- ^
"Explore Astronomy ? gSky Browser"
. HubbleSite.
Archived
from the original on February 25, 2009
. Retrieved
July 30,
2012
.
- ^
"Astronomers eager to add to Sky in Google Earth"
. University of California Berkeley. September 6, 2007.
Archived
from the original on December 4, 2017
. Retrieved
December 3,
2017
.
- ^
"Chat With a Martian in Google Earth 5"
. Googlesystem.blogspot.com. February 3, 2009.
Archived
from the original on January 19, 2021
. Retrieved
July 30,
2012
.
- ^
"Look at the Moon in Google Earth ? Available Now! | Google Earth Blog"
. Gearthblog.com. July 20, 2009.
Archived
from the original on February 1, 2018
. Retrieved
August 25,
2010
.
- ^
"Google Earth Event on July 20th in DC ? Expect the Moon | Google Earth Blog"
. Gearthblog.com. July 9, 2009.
Archived
from the original on August 3, 2017
. Retrieved
August 25,
2010
.
- ^
"Google LatLong: Fly yourself to the moon"
. Google-latlong.blogspot.com. July 20, 2009.
Archived
from the original on March 1, 2016
. Retrieved
August 25,
2010
.
- ^
"Keyhole Markup Language ? Google Developers"
. March 1, 2012.
Archived
from the original on May 12, 2013
. Retrieved
June 15,
2013
.
- ^
"Earth"
.
Archived
from the original on April 4, 2008
. Retrieved
November 19,
2012
.
- ^
"Homepage von Stefan Kuhn"
. webkuehn.de.
Archived
from the original on March 9, 2009
. Retrieved
July 30,
2012
.
- ^
Wang, David (February 28, 2007).
"Stuck in traffic?"
.
Archived
from the original on February 12, 2017
. Retrieved
February 14,
2014
.
- ^
"Use Google Earth flight simulator ? Google Earth Help"
.
Archived
from the original on May 28, 2013
. Retrieved
June 15,
2013
.
- ^
Webwise: Google's flight simulator
The Sunday Times
, January 27, 2008
- ^
"Planes For Google Earth Flight Simulator | Google Earth Blog"
. Gearthblog.com. August 11, 2009.
Archived
from the original on September 30, 2012
. Retrieved
July 30,
2012
.
- ^
"Moving GEFS Online from Google Earth to Cesium"
.
Cesium Blog
. Archived from
the original
on June 15, 2017
. Retrieved
September 27,
2017
.
- ^
"A galaxy of your own"
. Google-latlong.blogspot.com. September 30, 2010.
Archived
from the original on March 30, 2012
. Retrieved
March 10,
2012
.
- ^
"Liquid Galaxy wiki on code.google.com"
. September 30, 2010.
Archived
from the original on March 30, 2012
. Retrieved
March 10,
2012
.
- ^
"Peruse-a-Rue: Street View for Liquid Galaxy"
. September 3, 2013.
Archived
from the original on January 22, 2011
. Retrieved
November 20,
2013
.
- ^
"Liquid Galaxy and its Very Own Street View App"
. November 9, 2013. Archived from
the original
on November 19, 2013
. Retrieved
November 20,
2013
.
- ^
FSF.org
Archived
August 10, 2007, at the
Wayback Machine
: High Priority Free Software Projects
- ^
"Google Earth now available for Android"
. google-latlong.blogspot.com.
Archived
from the original on March 5, 2016
. Retrieved
August 15,
2010
.
- ^
Sorrel, Charlie (October 27, 2008).
"Google Earth Comes to the iPhone"
.
Wired
.
Archived
from the original on April 22, 2009
. Retrieved
October 27,
2008
.
- ^
"Google Earth now available for the iPhone"
. Google Mobile team. October 27, 2008.
Archived
from the original on February 4, 2019
. Retrieved
October 27,
2008
.
- ^
Redmer, Jens (December 16, 2009).
"Google LatLong: Google & Audi take Google services in a car to the next level in the new Audi A8"
. Google-latlong.blogspot.com.
Archived
from the original on October 17, 2010
. Retrieved
August 25,
2010
.
- ^
Warren, Tom (February 27, 2020).
"Google Earth finally available in browsers other than Chrome"
.
The Verge
.
Archived
from the original on February 27, 2020
. Retrieved
February 27,
2020
.
- ^
"Google Earth finally works on Firefox, Edge and Opera browsers"
.
Engadget
. February 27, 2020.
Archived
from the original on February 28, 2020
. Retrieved
February 27,
2020
.
- ^
"Update Google Earth Pro"
. Archived from
the original
on March 18, 2018
. Retrieved
April 23,
2018
.
- ^
"Google Earth 8.0 Hits Google Play, New 3D Rendering Tech and Refreshed Maps in Tow"
. October 22, 2014.
Archived
from the original on October 15, 2023
. Retrieved
October 3,
2023
.
- ^
Shah, Gopal (April 18, 2017).
"Welcome home to the new Google Earth"
.
The Keyword - Google Product and Technology News and Stories
. Google.
Archived
from the original on November 14, 2023
. Retrieved
November 14,
2023
.
- ^
Broussard, Mitchel (August 2, 2017).
"Google Earth iOS App Updated With Flyover-Like 3D Views and 64-Bit Support"
.
MacRumors
.
Archived
from the original on December 18, 2023
. Retrieved
November 14,
2023
.
- ^
Schoon, Ben (September 23, 2023).
"Google Earth gets a redesigned Android app with Projects support, removes Voyager"
.
9to5Google
.
Archived
from the original on September 27, 2023
. Retrieved
November 10,
2023
.
- ^
Kate Knibbs (February 2, 2015).
"Google Earth Pro Is Now Available for Free"
.
Archived
from the original on July 3, 2019
. Retrieved
September 9,
2017
.
- ^
Rose, Robert (February 11, 2015).
"Good News Everyone! Google Earth Pro Now Free!"
.
Mapshole
. Archived from
the original
on July 26, 2019
. Retrieved
February 22,
2015
.
- ^
"Notes on Google Earth releases, Help Center"
.
Google Earth Pro Support Community
. July 10, 2017.
Archived
from the original on April 8, 2019
. Retrieved
November 29,
2022
.
- ^
"Google Earth for Desktop"
.
Google Earth
.
Archived
from the original on February 22, 2015
. Retrieved
February 22,
2015
.
- ^
"Google Earth Plus"
. Archived from
the original
on April 20, 2008
. Retrieved
February 1,
2017
.
- ^
"Google Earth Enterprise ? Google Earth and Maps Enterprise"
.
Archived
from the original on February 10, 2012
. Retrieved
November 16,
2012
.
- ^
"(Deprecated) Google Earth Enterprise Help"
.
Archived
from the original on August 26, 2016
. Retrieved
July 12,
2016
.
- ^
"Open-Sourcing Google Earth Enterprise"
.
Archived
from the original on December 18, 2023
. Retrieved
January 31,
2017
.
- ^
"FAQ"
.
Google Earth Studio
.
Archived
from the original on August 14, 2021
. Retrieved
June 1,
2021
.
- ^
"Google Earth Studio"
.
Google Earth Studio
.
Archived
from the original on January 25, 2021
. Retrieved
June 1,
2021
.
- ^
"Google Groups"
.
productforums.google.com
.
Archived
from the original on December 3, 2018
. Retrieved
April 22,
2017
.
- ^
"First Review of New Google Earth - Google Earth Blog"
.
Google Earth Blog
. April 18, 2017.
Archived
from the original on April 23, 2017
. Retrieved
April 22,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
"Google Earth gets a new home on the Web, fancy "guided tour" section"
.
Ars Technica
.
Archived
from the original on April 21, 2017
. Retrieved
April 22,
2017
.
- ^
"Google Earth API ? Google Developers"
. February 24, 2012.
Archived
from the original on May 1, 2019
. Retrieved
June 15,
2013
.
- ^
Teglet, Traian (May 29, 2008).
"Driving the Monster Milktruck in Google Earth"
. Softpedia. Archived from
the original
on May 7, 2013
. Retrieved
March 30,
2012
.
- ^
"Google Earth API Developer's Guide"
.
Google Developers
. May 8, 2015.
Archived
from the original on May 1, 2019
. Retrieved
May 24,
2013
.
- ^
"Chromium Blog: Saying Goodbye to Our Old Friend NPAPI"
.
Chromium Blog
.
Archived
from the original on January 22, 2021
. Retrieved
June 21,
2018
.
- ^
"Google Earth VR"
.
Archived
from the original on December 23, 2017
. Retrieved
January 3,
2018
.
- ^
"Google Earth VR Bringing the Whole Wide World to Virtual Reality"
. November 16, 2016.
Archived
from the original on January 4, 2018
. Retrieved
January 3,
2018
.
- ^
"Google Earth VR App Gets Support for Street View"
.
TechCrunch
. September 14, 2017.
Archived
from the original on January 3, 2018
. Retrieved
January 3,
2018
.
- ^
"Google Earth Outreach"
.
Archived
from the original on March 30, 2012
. Retrieved
December 21,
2014
.
- ^
"Google Earth Outreach Goes to the Amazon"
. Archived from
the original
on March 17, 2012
. Retrieved
December 21,
2014
.
- ^
"Exploring Global Awareness Layers in Google Earth"
. The Good Human. November 26, 2017. Archived from
the original
on May 28, 2019
. Retrieved
January 2,
2018
.
- ^
"Explore Arkive using Google Earth"
. Arkive. Archived from
the original
on November 25, 2017
. Retrieved
January 2,
2018
.
- ^
Gardner, Timothy (December 2, 2010).
"Google unveils satellite platform to aid forest efforts"
.
reuters
.
Archived
from the original on December 5, 2010
. Retrieved
January 3,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"FAQ ? Google Earth Engine"
.
earthengine.google.com
.
Archived
from the original on April 11, 2020
. Retrieved
March 20,
2018
.
- ^
Dunbar, Brian (n.d.).
"New Public Application of Landsat Images Released"
.
NASA
.
Archived
from the original on March 11, 2014
. Retrieved
March 19,
2014
.
- ^
Gorelick, Noel (April 2013). "Google Earth Engine".
EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
.
15
: EGU2013?11997.
Bibcode
:
2013EGUGA..1511997G
.
- ^
"Introduction | Google Earth Engine API | Google Developers"
.
Google Developers
.
Archived
from the original on May 28, 2018
. Retrieved
March 20,
2018
.
- ^
"Earth Engine Code Editor | Google Earth Engine"
.
Google Developers
.
Archived
from the original on November 27, 2021
. Retrieved
November 27,
2021
.
- ^
"Seeing the forest through the cloud"
.
Official Google Blog
.
Archived
from the original on November 27, 2021
. Retrieved
November 27,
2021
.
- ^
"Introducing Google Earth Engine"
.
Google
. December 2, 2010.
Archived
from the original on November 27, 2021
. Retrieved
November 27,
2021
.
- ^
Hansen, M. C.; et al. (November 15, 2013).
"Global Forest Change"
.
Archived
from the original on February 23, 2014
. Retrieved
February 27,
2014
.
- ^
Joshi, Anup R.; Dinerstein, Eric; Wikramanayake, Eric; Anderson, Michael L.; Olson, David; Jones, Benjamin S.; Seidensticker, John; Lumpkin, Susan; Hansen, Matthew C. (April 1, 2016).
"Tracking changes and preventing loss in critical tiger habitat"
.
Science Advances
.
2
(4): e1501675.
Bibcode
:
2016SciA....2E1675J
.
doi
:
10.1126/sciadv.1501675
.
ISSN
2375-2548
.
PMC
4820387
.
PMID
27051881
.
- ^
"UCSF, Google Earth Engine Making Maps to Predict Malaria"
.
UC San Francisco
. September 10, 2014.
Archived
from the original on March 23, 2018
. Retrieved
March 22,
2018
.
- ^
"The nature of water: unveiling the most detailed view of water on Earth"
.
Google
. December 7, 2016.
Archived
from the original on March 23, 2018
. Retrieved
March 22,
2018
.
- ^
Barkham, Patrick (January 10, 2020).
"Grass growing around Mount Everest as global heating intensifies"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
.
Archived
from the original on April 18, 2020
. Retrieved
January 10,
2020
– via www.theguardian.com.
- ^
Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.; Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).
"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity"
.
Nature Communications
.
11
(1): 5978.
Bibcode
:
2020NatCo..11.5978G
.
doi
:
10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
.
ISSN
2041-1723
.
PMC
7723057
.
PMID
33293507
.
- ^
a
b
Amani, Meisam; Ghorbanian, Arsalan; Ahmadi, Seyed Ali; Kakooei, Mohammad; Moghimi, Armin; Mirmazloumi, S. Mohammad; Moghaddam, Sayyed Hamed Alizadeh; Mahdavi, Sahel; Ghahremanloo, Masoud; Parsian, Saeid; Wu, Qiusheng (2020).
"Google Earth Engine Cloud Computing Platform for Remote Sensing Big Data Applications: A Comprehensive Review"
.
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
.
13
: 5326?5350.
Bibcode
:
2020IJSTA..13.5326A
.
doi
:
10.1109/JSTARS.2020.3021052
.
hdl
:
2117/359277
.
ISSN
2151-1535
.
S2CID
221848196
.
- ^
"Commercial ? Google Earth Engine"
.
earthengine.google.com
.
Archived
from the original on November 28, 2021
. Retrieved
November 27,
2021
.
- ^
"Why is Google Earth being blocked in Iran?"
Archived
January 2, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
Google Earth Help forums June 17, 2009
- ^
"Google Earth ban in Sudan is due to US export restrictions"
Archived
April 11, 2020, at the
Wayback Machine
Sudan Tribune, April 22, 2007
- ^
"Morocco censorship?"
. Ogleearth.com. August 24, 2006.
Archived
from the original on June 3, 2009
. Retrieved
August 6,
2011
.
- ^
Arza-Garcia, Marcos; Gil-Docampo, Mariluz; Ortiz-Sanz, Juan; Martinez-Rodriguez, Santiago (May 4, 2019). "Virtual globes for UAV-based data integration: Sputnik GIS and Google Earth™ applications".
International Journal of Digital Earth
.
12
(5): 583?593.
Bibcode
:
2019IJDE...12..583A
.
doi
:
10.1080/17538947.2018.1470205
.
hdl
:
10347/16754
.
ISSN
1753-8947
.
S2CID
134211000
.
- ^
Gurevitch, Leon (2014). "Google Warming".
Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
.
20
: 85?107.
doi
:
10.1177/1354856513516266
.
S2CID
144987331
.
- ^
"Chinese X-file excites spotters"
.
The Sydney Morning Herald
. July 20, 2006.
Archived
from the original on January 27, 2007
. Retrieved
January 25,
2007
.
- ^
"From sky, see how China builds model of Indian border 2400 km away"
. Archived from
the original
on January 23, 2007
. Retrieved
January 25,
2007
.
- ^
"New Chinese Ballistic Missile Submarine Spotted"
. Archived from
the original
on July 9, 2007
. Retrieved
July 10,
2007
.
- ^
Clancy Chassay in Gaza City and Bobbie Johnson (October 25, 2007).
"Google Earth used to target Israel"
.
Guardian
. London.
Archived
from the original on February 12, 2017
. Retrieved
August 25,
2010
.
- ^
Levinson, Charles (October 26, 2007).
"Google Earth used in rocket strikes on Israel"
.
The Telegraph
.
Archived
from the original on January 10, 2022
. Retrieved
December 3,
2017
.
- ^
"Google Maps launches 3D view of Taipei today"
. Taipei: Taiwan News. February 13, 2019.
Archived
from the original on February 26, 2019
. Retrieved
February 25,
2019
.
- ^
"Google Earth spills the beans, reveals Taiwan's secret military bases"
. Digital Trends. February 19, 2019.
Archived
from the original on February 26, 2019
. Retrieved
February 25,
2019
.
- ^
"3D images of Taiwan to be pulled from Google Maps"
. Taipei: Focus Taiwan. February 23, 2019. Archived from
the original
on February 25, 2019
. Retrieved
February 25,
2019
.
- ^
"Kalam Concerned Over Google Earth"
. Archived from
the original
on March 20, 2012
. Retrieved
January 25,
2007
.
- ^
Deshpande, Rajeev (February 4, 2007).
"Google Earth agrees to blur pix of key Indian sites"
.
The Times of India
. Archived from
the original
on August 11, 2011.
- ^
"Google Earth Poses Security Threat to India, ISRO Chief seeks Dialogue"
. July 10, 2006.
Archived
from the original on February 12, 2017
. Retrieved
January 25,
2007
.
- ^
"Google Earth images compromise secret installations in S. Korea"
. Archived from
the original
on July 1, 2007
. Retrieved
January 25,
2007
.
- ^
Goldman, Dudi (June 20, 1995).
"Google 'spying' on IDF"
.
Ynetnews
. Ynetnews.com.
Archived
from the original on June 7, 2011
. Retrieved
August 6,
2011
.
- ^
"Eyeball-series.org"
.
www.eyeball-series.org
. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019
. Retrieved
September 6,
2006
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link
)
- ^
Bedi, Rahul (December 9, 2008).
"Mumbai attacks: Indian suit against Google Earth over image use by terrorists"
. Telegraph.co.uk.
Archived
from the original on January 10, 2022
. Retrieved
August 6,
2011
.
- ^
Gruen, Madeleine,
"Attempt to Attack the Paul Findley Federal Building in Springfield, Illinois"
Archived
March 1, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
," The
NEFA Foundation
, December 2009, accessed December 18, 2009
- ^
"Google Earth prompts security fears"
.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
. Archived from
the original
on January 24, 2007
. Retrieved
January 25,
2007
.
- ^
"Aussie Nuclear Reactor on Google Earth"
. Archived from
the original
on October 17, 2006
. Retrieved
January 25,
2007
.
- ^
"Google Earth maps out discrimination against burakumin caste in Japan"
. Timesonline.co.uk. May 22, 2009. Archived from
the original
on September 27, 2009
. Retrieved
January 10,
2018
.
- ^
Gilbertson, Scott (February 13, 2009).
"Why Google's Software Update Tool Is Evil"
.
Wired
.
Archived
from the original on May 29, 2012
. Retrieved
March 7,
2017
.
- ^
Weiss, Todd R. (February 22, 2014).
"Google Sued for Alleged Google Earth Patent Infringement"
.
eWEEK
.
Archived
from the original on December 18, 2023
. Retrieved
October 23,
2021
.
- ^
ART+COM Innovationpool GmbH v. Google LLC
(Court case). 1:14-cv-00217
. Retrieved
October 24,
2021
– via CourtListener.
- ^
Art+Com Innovationpool v. Google
(Court case)
. Retrieved
October 24,
2021
– via Findlaw.
- ^
"Stephen Wong Lau Obituary - Pelham, AL"
.
Archived
from the original on October 24, 2021
. Retrieved
October 24,
2021
.
- ^
"
'The Billion Dollar Code': The battle over Google Earth"
.
Deutsche Welle
. October 7, 2021. Archived from
the original
on October 11, 2021
. Retrieved
October 11,
2021
.
- ^
"The Billion Dollar Code"
.
Netflix.com
. Netflix.
Archived
from the original on December 18, 2023
. Retrieved
October 22,
2021
.
- ^
Bar-Zeev, Avi (October 14, 2021).
"Was Google Earth Stolen?"
.
Medium
.
Archived
from the original on October 17, 2021
. Retrieved
October 17,
2021
.
- ^
"CAFC affirms invalidity of geographic map visualization patent asserted against Google Earth"
.
IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Intellectual Property Law
. October 25, 2017.
Archived
from the original on November 14, 2023
. Retrieved
October 23,
2023
.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
|
Company
|
---|
Divisions
| |
---|
People
| |
---|
Real estate
| |
---|
Design
| |
---|
Events
| |
---|
Projects and
initiatives
| |
---|
Criticism
| |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Operating systems
| |
---|
Libraries/
frameworks
| |
---|
Platforms
| |
---|
Tools
| |
---|
Search algorithms
| |
---|
Others
| |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Entertainment
| |
---|
Communication
| |
---|
Search
| |
---|
Navigation
| |
---|
Business
and finance
| |
---|
Organization
and productivity
| |
---|
Education
| |
---|
Others
| |
---|
|
|
Hardware
|
---|
Smartphones
| |
---|
Laptops and tablets
| |
---|
Wearables
| |
---|
Others
| |
---|
|
|
|
---|
Advertising
| |
---|
Antitrust
| |
---|
Intellectual property
| |
---|
Privacy
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|
|
|
|
|
|
---|
Related products
|
| |
---|
Views and mapping sites
| |
---|
Street View
| |
---|
Other
| |
---|
Astronomy software
|
---|
Open source
| |
---|
Freeware
| |
---|
Proprietary
| |
---|