Ruler of the Ilkhanate
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
(June 2, 1305 ? December 1, 1335) (
Persian
:
??? ???? ????? ???
), also spelled
Abusaid Bahador Khan
,
Abu Sa'id Behauder
(Modern
Mongolian
:
Абу Саид Бахадур хан
,
[2]
Abu sayid Baghatur Khan
,
[?abusæt
?baːt?r
xaːŋ]
in modern
Mongolian
), was the ninth ruler (c. 1316 ? 1335) of the
Ilkhanate
, a
division of the Mongol Empire
that encompassed the present day countries of
Iran
,
Azerbaijan
,
Georgia
, and
Armenia
, as well as parts of
Iraq
,
Turkey
,
Afghanistan
, and
Pakistan
. After his death in 1335, the
Ilkhanate
disintegrated.
Early life
[
edit
]
He was born on 2 June 1305, near Ujan,
Tabriz
to
Oljaitu
and Hajji Khatun. He became his father's heir after the deaths of his elder brothers.
[3]
He was assigned to govern
Khorasan
and
Mazandaran
in 1315 with the Uyghur noble Amir Sevinch as his guardian.
Reign
[
edit
]
He was brought back to
Soltaniyeh
by Sevinch in December, 1316. But his coronation was delayed until April, May, July or August 1317 due to a conflict between
Chupan
and Sevinch.
[4]
Abu Said employed
Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
and Taj Al-Din Ali Shah Gilani as his viziers. However, the viziers were at odds and it led to Hamadani's dismissal in October 1317.
[5]
Amir Sevinch also died in January 1318, leaving young Abu Sa'id in the hands of Chupan. Although Chupan recalled Hamadani to serve in court, Gilani accused Hamadani (and his son Ibrahim Izzaddin, the cupbearer) of poisoning the late Ilkhan
Oljaitu
,
[5]
which led to their eventual execution on 13 July 1318
[6]
near
Abhar
.
[7]
This left the emir
Chupan
as the de facto ruler of Ilkhanate, but the following years were tumultuous for Abu Sa'id's reign.
Golden Horde invasion and rebellion of amirs
[
edit
]
Golden Horde
khan
Ozbeg
invaded
Azerbaijan
in 1319 in coordination with Chagatayid prince
Yasa'ur
who had pledged loyalty to
Oljaitu
earlier but revolted in 1319.
[8]
Prior to that, he had Amir Yasaul, governor of Mazandaran killed by his subordinate Begtut. Abu Sa'id was forced to send Amir Husayn Jalayir to face Yasa'ur while he himself marched against Ozbeg. Ozbeg was defeated shortly after thanks to reinforcements by Chupan, while Yasa'ur was killed by
Kebek
in 1320. Several amirs didn't come to the aid of Abu Sa'id, therefore they were subject to punishment by Chupan. Yet another revolt started in 1319, this time by
Keraite
emirs
Irinjin
, a former governor of
Diyar Bakr
and
Qurumishi
, governor of Georgia who were among the amirs rebuked by Chupan. Qurumishi and Irinjin were related in addition to both being from the Keraite tribe - Irinjin was the father of Oljaitu's widow Qutluqshah Khatun and a son-in-law to
Tekuder
, while Qurumshi's father
Alinaq Noyan
was also a son-in-law of Tekuder.
[8]
A 40.000 strong rebel army caught Chupan with his two sons and 2000 strong entourage unguarded near Georgia and caused him to flee. Chupan arrived in
Tabriz
and later went to Abu Sa'id to report. Hearing this news, the Ilkhan moved against rebels and met them near Mianeh.
A decisive battle was fought on 20 June 1319 near
Mianeh
with an Ilkhanate victory. This victory granted young Abu Sa'id the honorific titles of
Baghatur
(from
Mongolian
"баатар", meaning "hero, warrior") and
al-Sultan al-Adil
(the just Sultan). In total 36 emirs and 7 khatuns, including Amir Toqmaq, Qurumishi, Princess Konchek (daughter of
Tekuder
), her husband Irinjin and their sons Sheykh Ali and Vafadar were executed while Qurumushi's son Abdurrahman fled to Ozbeg.
[8]
Chupan subsequently was given hand of
Sati Beg
, sister of Abu Sa'id on 6 September 1319, thus growing his family's power greatly. His sons
Timurtash
,
Shaikh Mahmud
,
Hasan
and
Demasq Kaja
were given governorships of
Anatolia
,
Georgia
,
Khorasan
and
Azerbaijan
respectively.
Chupanid rebellion
[
edit
]
However, Timurtash rose in rebellion in 1322, claiming to be the
Mahdi
. Chupan went to obtain his surrender personally and even managed to get his reappointment to the post by Abu Sa'id. Abu Sa'id sometime fell in love with
Baghdad Khatun
, one of emir Chupan's daughters. The emir's efforts to keep Abu Sa'id from marrying his daughter, who was still married to
Hasan Buzurg
(another powerful kingmaker of the era), did not help the situation. Abu Said approached Chupan in 1325, claiming her unsuccessfully. Chupan sent his daughter and son-in-law to
Karabakh
instead while himself went against Ozbeg and
Tarmashirin
who invaded Azerbaijan and Khorasan respectively. Using this opportunity, on 25 August 1327, Abu Sa'id had one of Chupan's sons,
Demasq Kaja
, killed, apparently for his activities with one of Oljaitu's former concubines.
[5]
Hearing this, Chupan marched against Abu Sa'id seeking revenge. But many emirs including Muhammad Beg, uncle of Abu Sa'id deserted him near
Ray
, taking 30.000 soldiers with them, leaving Chupan no choice but to retreat to
Herat
. However he was soon strangled by
Kartid
ruler
Ghiyath-uddin
under orders of Abu Sa'id in 1327. His daughter was soon forced to divorce Hasan Buzurg and marry Abu Sa'id. In compensation, Hasan was awarded Chupan former post, rising to be a new commander-in-chief of the Ilkhanid army.
Later years
[
edit
]
Now ruling personally, Abu Sa'id invited
Ghiyas al-Din
, son of
Rashid al-Din
to be his vizier. Narin Taghai (a nephew of
Taghachar
and grandson of
Kitbuqa
[9]
) who was responsible for Chupan's downfall
[3]
and Abu Sa'id's uncle Ali Padshah were granted governorates of
Khorasan
and
Baghdad
respectively. However Ghiyas al-Din's enforcement of central authority didn't coincide with other amirs' plans. Narin Taghai left his post in 1329 to kill Ghiyas al-Din. He was aided by emirs Ali Padshah and Misr Khwaja. Narin Taghay was executed in September
[5]
or 29 July 1329,
[7]
ending another serious threat. Later
Hasan Buzurg
too was accused of treason with
Baghdad Khatun
in 1332 but reinstated as governor of Anatolia later.
[4]
However, Abu Sa'id divorced Baghdad and married her niece
Dilshad Khatun
in 1333.
In 1334, Abu Sa'id appointed Amir Musaffar Inaq as governor of
Shiraz
to the resentment of Sharaf al-Din Mahmudshah Inju, founder of
Injuid dynasty
, who was ruling
Fars
region for a while since Chupan's death. He pursued Musaffar to Abu Sa'id's tent, accidentally making attempt on his life. Mahmudshah's rebellious act got him imprisoned.
Foreign relations
[
edit
]
Abu Sa'id signed a commercial treaty with Venice in 1320, while also granting them to establish oratories throughout the empire.
[
citation needed
]
He also improved relations with
Mamluk Egypt
the same year, signing a treaty. He is also known to have corresponded with
Muhammad b. Tughluq
of
Delhi Sultanate
.
[
citation needed
]
Death
[
edit
]
Abu Sa'id had to face another invasion by
Ozbeg
in 1335 and left to face him, but died on his way in
Karabakh
, on the night of 30 November to 1 December 1335. His body was taken to Soltaniyeh and buried there. According to Ibn Battuta, he was poisoned by
Baghdad Khatun
on the grounds of jealousy.
[5]
He might have been a victim of bubonic plague instead.
[10]
Abu Sa'id died without an heir or an appointed successor, thus leaving the Ilkhanate vulnerable. This led to clashes between the major families, such as the
Chupanids
, the
Jalayirids
, and new movements like the
Sarbadars
. On his return to Persia, the great voyager
Ibn Battuta
was amazed to discover that the realm which had seemed to be so mighty only twenty years before, had dissolved so quickly. The Ilkhanate lost cohesion after the death of Abu Sa'id, and that of his successor,
Arpa Ke'un
, becoming a plethora of little kingdoms run by
Mongols
,
Turks
, and
Persians
.
Viziers
[
edit
]
Family
[
edit
]
- Consorts
Abu Sa'id married six times from different clans including
Borjigin
,
Oirat
and
Suldus
:
- Uljay Qutlugh Khatun
(m. 5 July 1317), daughter of
Ghazan
and
Bulughan Khatun
, and widow of his elder brother Bastam;
- Baghdad Khatun
(m. 1327 ? div. 1333, executed December 16, 1335), daughter of Amir
Chupan
, and former wife of
Hasan Buzurg
;
- Malika Khatun, daughter of Tuq b. Sulaimish b. Tengiz Guregen;
- Dilshad Khatun
(m. 1333, died 27 December 1351), daughter of
Demasq Kaja
and Tursin Khatun, daughter of Irinjin Kurkan and Konchak Khatun, daughter of
Tekuder
;
- Adil Shah Khatun (died 7 May 1332, near Ujan
[11]
), daughter of Tukal ibn Essen Qutlugh (Governor of Khorasan, d. 10 October 1318);
- Sarqadaq Khatun, daughter of Dawlat Shah Suldus, relative of Amir
Chupan
;
- Daughter
Abu Sa'id had one daughter
- A daughter (born 18 May 1336) - with Dilshad Khatun;
Personality
[
edit
]
According to
Ibn Battuta
, Abu Sa'id was one of "the most beautiful of God's creatures". Being a cultured ruler, he was the only
Il-Khan
to be known to author poetry as well as music.
[4]
Ancestry
[
edit
]
Ancestors of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
|
---|
| | | | | | | | | 16.
Hulagu Khan
| | | | | | | 8.
Abaqa Khan
| | | | | | | | | | 17. Yesuchin Khatun
| | | | | | | 4.
Arghun
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. Qaitmish Khatun
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2.
Oljaitu
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20. Uyku or Abaqu
| | | | | | | 10. Saruji
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 5. Uruk Khatun
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 24. Tengiz Guregen
| | | | | | | 12. Sulaimish
| | | | | | | | | | 25. Daughter of
Guyuk Khan
| | | | | | | 6. Chichak
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3. Hajji Khatun
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14.
Hulagu Khan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 7. Todogach Khatun
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Charles, Melville; Zaryab, Abbas.
"DEL??D ??T?N"
.
Encyclopaedia Iranica
. Retrieved
10 March
2018
.
- ^
"АБУСАИД ХААНЫ АЛТАН ЗООС"
.
parliament.mn
(in Mongolian).
- ^
a
b
Hope, Michael (2016).
Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the ?lkh?nate of Iran
. Oxford University Press. pp. 189?193.
ISBN
978-0-19-876859-3
.
- ^
a
b
c
"AB? SA??D BAH?DOR KHAN ? Encyclopaedia Iranica"
.
www.iranicaonline.org
. Retrieved
2020-03-26
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
The Cambridge history of Iran
. Fisher, W. B. (William Bayne). Cambridge: University Press. 1968?1991. pp.
407
?413.
ISBN
0-521-06935-1
.
OCLC
745412
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: others (
link
)
- ^
Lewis, Bernard (2014-04-24).
The Jews of Islam
. Princeton University Press. p. 101.
ISBN
978-1-4008-2029-0
.
- ^
a
b
Hamd Allah Mustawfi Qazvini, fl 1330-1340; Browne, Edward Granville; Nicholson, Reynold Alleyne (1910).
The Ta'rikh-i-guzida; or, "Select history" of Hamdullah Mustawfi-i-Qazwini, compiled in A.H. 730 (AD 1330), and now reproduced in facsimile from a manuscript dated A.H. 857 (AD 1453)
. Boston Public Library. Leyden : E.J. Brill; London, Luzac & Co.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
a
b
c
Melville, Charles P.
"Abu Sa'id and the revolt of the amirs in 1319"
.
L'Iran Face a la Domination Mongole, ed. D. Aigle, Tehran, 1997, Pp. 89-120
.
- ^
Melville, Charles (1999).
The Fall of Amir Chupan and the Decline of the Ilkhanate, 1327-37: A Decade of Discord in Mongol Iran
. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
- ^
Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia By Ann K. S. Lambton
- ^
Howorth, Henry H (1880).
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th century ...
London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 215.
OCLC
1046528205
.
Sources
[
edit
]
- Atwood, Christopher P. (2004).
The Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
. Facts on File, Inc.
ISBN
0-8160-4671-9
.
External links
[
edit
]
- Hope, Michael (2018).
"Ab? Sa??d Bah?dur Kh?n"
. In Fleet, Kate;
Kramer, Gudrun
; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
Rowson, Everett
(eds.).
Encyclopaedia of Islam
(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
ISSN
1873-9830
.
- Jackson, P. (1983).
"AB? SA??D BAH?DOR KHAN"
.
Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 4
. pp. 374?377.
- Khatibi, Abolfazl; Gholami, Rahim (2008).
"Ab? Sa??d Bah?dur Kh?n"
. In
Madelung, Wilferd
;
Daftary, Farhad
(eds.).
Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
. Brill Online.
ISSN
1875-9831
.
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