The
Pug
is a
breed of dog
with the physically distinctive features of a wrinkly, short-muzzled face, and curled tail. An ancient breed, with roots dating back to 400 B.C.,
[2]
they have a fine, glossy coat that comes in a variety of colors, most often
fawn
(light brown) or black, and a compact, square body with well developed and thick muscles all over the body.
Pug
|
---|
A fawn-colored pug, the most common coloring
|
Origin
| China
[1]
|
---|
|
Dog
(
domestic dog
)
|
Pugs were brought from China to Europe in the sixteenth century and were popularized in Western Europe by the
House of Orange
of the Netherlands, and the
House of Stuart
.
[3]
In the United Kingdom, in the nineteenth century,
Queen Victoria
developed a passion for Pugs which she passed on to other members of the royal family.
Pugs are known for being sociable and gentle
companion dogs
.
[4]
The
American Kennel Club
describes the breed's personality as "even-tempered and charming".
[5]
Pugs remain popular into the twenty-first century, with some famous celebrity owners. The dogs are susceptible to various health problems due to their bred traits.
[6]
Etymology
edit
There are several theories as to the origin of the name "pug". Some sources state the breed was named after the marmoset monkey, a popular exotic pet during the 18th century, which was also known as the "Pug-monkey".
[7]
The Pug probably acquired its moniker on account of its flat face loosely resembling that of a primate.
Another popular belief is that it's derived from the Latin "pugnus" meaning "fist". Early Pugs were commonly cropped and supposedly that alteration resulted in a head that looked like the shadow of a closed fist when viewed from the side.
[8]
The
Oxford English Dictionary
has the word "pug" as in the dog breed being descended from the meaning of "A dwarf animal, an imp, etc.". Since the late 16th century the term "pug" has been used in English to describe squirrels, hares, foxes, ferret, salmon, sheep, and monkeys. The first attestation of "Pug-dog" is in 1749. The OED also notes it may be related to a now obsolete term of endearment for a person or animal.
[9]
Description
edit
Physical characteristics
edit
While the Pugs that are depicted in eighteenth century prints tend to be long and lean,
[3]
modern breed preferences are for a square
cobby
body, a compact form, a deep chest, and well-developed muscle.
[5]
Their smooth and glossy coats can be fawn, apricot fawn, silver fawn, or black.
[5]
[10]
The markings are clearly defined and there is a trace of a black line extending from the occiput to the tail.
[5]
The tail normally curls tightly over the hip.
[3]
The Pug's muzzle is blunt and very short giving a square shaped appearance to the head.
[5]
Pugs have two distinct ear shapes, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than the standard style of "button" ears, and are folded with the front edge against the side of the head. Breeding preference goes to "button" style ears.
[11]
Pugs' legs are strong, straight, of moderate length, and are set well under. Their shoulders are moderately laid back. Their ankles are strong, their feet are small, their toes are well split-up, and their nails are black.
[5]
The lower teeth normally protrude further than their upper, resulting in an under-bite.
[1]
Temperament
edit
The American Kennel Club says the motto of the breed is the Latin phrase
multum in parvo
, or "much in little" or "a lot of dog in a small space".
[1]
Pugs tend to be intuitive and sensitive to the moods of their owners and are usually eager to please them.
[4]
Pugs are playful and thrive on human companionship. Pugs are often called "shadows" because they follow their owners around and like to stay close to the action, craving attention and affection from their owners.
[12]
-
The breed has strong, straight legs set well under the body and a tail that curls over the hip.
-
Pure-bred Pugs are known for their unique facial wrinkles.
-
Fawn is the most common color for a Pug, but the
American Kennel Club
also recognizes the color black. The
Canadian Kennel Club
recognizes the colors black, silver, apricot, and fawn.
Chinese origins
edit
The ancestor of the Pug was a dog called the Lo-Chiang-Sze, or Lo-Sze in its shortened form.
[7]
That name explicitly refers to a short-legged, short-mouthed
[13]
and, most importantly, short-coated dog, potentially as a way to distinguish it from the
Pekingese
, which was of similar build. Many people today refer to it as the "ancient pug".
The Lo-sze was popular in the imperial court during the
Song dynasty
[14]
and was brought from China to Europe in the sixteenth century by the
Dutch East India Company
.
[3]
The Happa or Hap-pah dog has also been considered as playing a part in the formation of the modern Pug breed, but it was not acquired by European fanciers until 1860 when specimens were looted by French and British troops during their complete destruction of the
Old Summer Palace
(Yuanmingyuan) in Beijing, during the
Second Opium War
.
[15]
In ancient times, Pugs were bred to be companions for ruling families in China. Pet Pugs were highly valued by Chinese emperors, and the royal dogs were kept in luxury and guarded by soldiers.
[4]
Pugs later spread to other parts of Asia. In
Tibet
, Buddhist monks kept Pugs as pets in their monasteries.
[4]
The breed has retained its affectionate devotion to its owners since ancient times.
[4]
16th and 17th centuries
edit
Pugs became popular at European courts, and reportedly became the official dog of the
House of Orange
in 1572, after a Pug named
Pompey
saved the life of the Prince of Orange by alerting him to the approach of assassins.
[1]
A Pug traveled with
William III
and
Mary II
when they left the
Netherlands
to accept the throne of England in 1688.
[3]
During that period, the Pug may have been bred with the old-type King Charles spaniel, giving the modern
King Charles Spaniel
its pug-like characteristics.
[16]
The breed eventually became popular in other European countries as well. Pugs were painted by
Goya
in Spain, and in Italy they rode up front on private carriages, dressed in jackets and pantaloons that matched those of the coachman. They were used by the military to track animals and people, and were also employed as
guard dogs
.
[3]
18th century to 20th century
edit
The English painter
William Hogarth
was the devoted owner of a series of Pugs.
His 1745 self-portrait
, which is now in London's
Tate Gallery
, includes his Pug,
Trump
.
[17]
The Pug was also well known in Italy. In 1789, author
Hester Piozzi
wrote in her journal: "The little Pug dog or Dutch mastiff has quitted London for
Padua
, I perceive. Every carriage I meet here has a Pug in it."
[18]
[19]
The popularity of the Pug continued to spread in France during the eighteenth century. Before her marriage to
Napoleon Bonaparte
,
Josephine
had her Pug, Fortune, carry concealed messages to her family while she was confined at Les Carmes prison, it having alone been given visiting rights.
[20]
In nineteenth-century England, the breed flourished under the patronage of
Queen Victoria
. Her many Pugs, which she bred herself, included Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima and Venus.
[3]
Her involvement with dogs in general helped to establish the
Kennel Club
, which was formed in 1873.
[3]
Queen Victoria favored apricot and fawn colors. Her passion for Pugs was passed on to many other members of the royal family, including her grandson
King George V
[21]
and his son
King Edward VIII
. Many responded to the breed's image of anti-functionalism and diminutive size during that period.
[22]
In paintings and engravings of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pugs usually appear with longer legs and noses than today, and sometimes with cropped ears. That practice was carried out in Europe up until the 19th century, the intent being to accentuate the wrinkles of the forehead.
[23]
The so-called "prince mark" ? a set of wrinkles resembling the Chinese character for prince (王) ? was a desirable attribute of the breed.
[24]
It was around this time that two prolific strains of Pug came to be known in Britain: the Morrison and Willoughby lines.
[25]
Dogs of the Willoughby line were said to be of "bad colour", stone fawn with an excess of black on the head, whereas Morrison Pugs were a richer yellow fawn with well defined black masks.
[26]
The Morrison Pug was more in accordance with current breed type, being cobbier and shorter muzzled. In his book,
The Dogs of the British Islands
, J.H. Walsh writes that the first dog of the Willoughby line had "a face much longer than would now be approved of by Pug fanciers".
[27]
Comparison of the two strains, as depicted in artwork from the time, provides a clearer image as to their distinct characteristics.
The modern Pug's appearance probably changed after 1860, when a new wave of dogs were seized as loot by French and British soldiers who razed the Old Summer Palace in Beijing (then Peking), China.
[28]
They were "Happa dogs", or "Pekingese pugs" as they would come to be known by the western fancier.
[29]
Those Pugs had shorter legs, the modern-style Pug nose
[15]
and were often black and white in colour.
The Happa dog probably constitutes a separate "strain" to the Pekingese, rather than a breed in its own right. W.E Mason remarks in his book "Dogs of all nations" that the Happa is "identical in every respect with the Pekingese Spaniel, except that his coat is short and smooth".
[30]
The distinction between the long and short coated dogs was, most likely, imposed by the British as several Oriental scrolls depict long coated "Hap-pah" dogs.
Two of the most famous Happa dogs to be brought back to England were "Moss" and "Lamb" who were bred together to produce "Click".
[25]
A popular stud, "Click" was bred several times to bitches of both Willoughby and Morrison lines, which is largely recognized as leading to the merging of both strains.
During that period, crossing with the English bulldog reportedly took place to solidify desirable traits in both breeds, though that improvement came at the expense of the Pugs diminutive stature.
[31]
Pug dogs with a broader head and flatter muzzle were procured through those mixed pairings. However, many of them lacked the temperament typical of a lap dog on account of the bulldog's fiercer nature.
[32]
The British
aristocrat
, Lady Brassey, is also credited with making black Pugs fashionable after she brought some back from China in 1886.
[1]
[3]
Pugs arrived in the United States during the nineteenth century and were soon making their way into the family home and the show ring.
[3]
The
American Kennel Club
recognized the breed in 1885. The Pug Dog Club of America was founded in 1931 and was recognized by the American Kennel Club that same year. In 1981, the Pug
Dhandys Favorite Woodchuck
won the
Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
in the United States, the only Pug to have won there since the show began in 1877.
[33]
21st century
edit
The World Champion ? or Best in Show ? at the 2004
World Dog Show
held in
Rio de Janeiro
, was a Pug named
Double D Cinoblu's Masterpiece
.
[34]
[35]
Retro Pugs
edit
The breeding trend of Pugs led to shorter muzzles and shorter legs over time, with the dogs susceptible to some health problems. In 2023, the Netherlands placed limitations on the breeding of various short-faced breeds, including the conventional Pug.
[36]
Since around 2006 there has been a counter-trend in some countries to breed "retro pugs". Breeders who pursue that change in the breed aim for longer snouts, less protruding eyes, straighter legs and fewer facial wrinkles.
[37]
[38]
[39]
Health problems
edit
Brachycephaly
edit
Since Pugs lack longer snouts and prominent
skeletal brow ridges
, they are susceptible to eye injuries such as
proptosis
, scratched
corneas
, and painful
entropion
.
[3]
The shortened snout and pushed in face of the Pug is known as
brachycephaly
.
[40]
Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing.
[41]
[42]
[43]
Potential effects of brachycephaly are
stridor
, stertorous breathing,
emesis
,
skin fold dermatitis
,
brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome
,
exophthalmos
,
pharyngeal gag reflex
,
cyanosis
, and laryngeal collapse.
[44]
[45]
[42]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia,
[50]
and
hyperthermia
? with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting.
[51]
Their breathing problems can be worsened by the stresses of traveling in air cargo, which may involve high temperatures. Following the deaths of Pugs and other brachycephalic breeds, several airlines either banned their transport in cargo or enacted seasonal restrictions.
[52]
[53]
Research from the UK found that Pugs are more prone to obesity than other breeds. They are three times more likely to become obese, and one in every five Pugs are diagnosed as obese in a year.
[54]
Obesity should be considered a health priority in Pugs because of the high prevalence, associated health problems and reversible nature of the disorder.
[55]
Life expectancy
edit
A study in the UK of veterinary records found the Pug to have a life expectancy of 7.65 years ? far below the average of 11.23 years.
[56]
A review of pet cemetery data in Japan found the Pug to have a life expectancy of 12.8 years, below the average of 13.7 years and lower than the average for small breeds.
[57]
Inbreeding depression
edit
In 2008,
an investigative documentary
carried out by the
BBC
found significant inbreeding between pedigree dogs, with a study by Imperial College, London, showing that the 10,000 Pugs in the UK were so inbred that their gene pool was the equivalent of only 50 individual humans.
[58]
[
better?source?needed
]
Other conditions
edit
An abnormal formation of the hip socket, known as
hip dysplasia
, affected nearly 64% of Pugs in a 2010 survey performed by the
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
. The breed was ranked the second-worst-affected by the condition out of 157 breeds tested.
[59]
In a British study the Pug was found to be more susceptible to
demodicosis
. The prevalence of the condition in Pugs under two years was 1.9% compared to the 0.48% average, and for Pugs over four years it was 0.2% compared to the 0.05% average. Overall, the Pug had a prevalence of 1% compared to the 0.17% average.
[60]
Pugs can suffer from
necrotizing meningoencephalitis
(NME), also known as Pug Dog Encephalitis (PDE), an
inflammation
of the brain and
meninges
.
[61]
NME is not unique to Pugs and also occurs in other small dogs, such as the
Yorkshire Terrier
,
Maltese
, and
Chihuahua
.
[61]
NME affects roughly 1?2% of all Pugs.
[62]
The Pug is prone to
hemivertebrae
, a condition that can lead to pain as well as loss of function in the hind legs.
[63]
Birth and reproduction
edit
Due to the relative size of neonatal skulls to the birth canal, Pugs are highly predisposed to requiring cesarean births.
[64]
Historical depictions of Pugs
edit
-
A Dutch Mastiff (called 'Old Vertue') with
Dunham Massey
in the Background" (
Jan Wyck
, 1700)
-
-
Children of the Marquis de Bethune with a Pug, 1761
-
A male Pug, 1802
-
Portrait of Sylvie de la Rue, circa 1810
-
Young Lady in a Boat
with a Pug by
James Tissot
, 1870
-
Engraving of the Pugs "Punch and Tetty" from the 1859 book "The Dog in Health and Disease"
-
Pug from 1915.
-
Pug photo, ca 1900. Note its small head and long legs.
-
A Pug by Carl Reichert. (1836?1918)
In popular culture
edit
The breed became iconic in India, as it was featured as the mascot in a series of
Vodafone
(formerly
Hutchison Essar
) advertising commercials directed by
Prakash Varma
. The Pug that was predominantly featured in the commercials was
Cheeka
.
[65]
[66]
The advertisement campaign was followed by a rise in the popularity of Pugs in India, and the sale of Pugs more than doubled within months, with prices for Pugs rising considerably. A few other adverts also appeared in the following months, inspired by the idea of a dog following a boy.
[67]
In
Jane Austen
's 1814 novel,
Mansfield Park
, Lady Bertram, the hero's mother, owned a pet Pug and was "thinking more of her Pug than her children".
[68]
The 1989 film
The Adventures of Milo and Otis
features a Pug named Otis, known as "Poosky" in the original 1986 Japanese version,
The Adventures of Chatran
.
[
citation needed
]
The
Men in Black
film series features
Frank
, a fictional talking Pug portrayed by animal actor Mushu.
[69]
See also
edit
- 1.
The Japanese study reviewed cemetery data which is unlikely to have any records of still-births and altricial deaths whilst a veterinary clinic likely would have data on these.
References
edit
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"American Kennel Club - Pug History"
.
AKC.org
.
American Kennel Club
.
Archived
from the original on 13 March 2018
. Retrieved
19 August
2006
.
- ^
"Pug: Description, Weight, Temperament, & Facts"
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. 23 January 2024.
Archived
from the original on 19 January 2024
. Retrieved
29 February
2024
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Farr, Kendall; Montague, Sarah (1999).
Pugs in Public
. New York: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, a division of U.S. Media Holdings.
ISBN
1-55670-939-0
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
September Morn (2010).
Our Best Friends: The Pug
. Pittsburgh: ElDorado Ink. pp.?11, 14?15.
ISBN
978-1-932904-71-0
.
Archived
from the original on 29 February 2024
. Retrieved
2 April
2015
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
"American Kennel Club - Pug"
.
AKC.org
.
Archived
from the original on 24 August 2012
. Retrieved
14 October
2008
.
- ^
O'Neill, Dan G.; Sahota, Jaya; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Church, David B.; Packer, Rowena M.A.; Pegram, Camilla (18 May 2022).
"Health of Pug dogs in the UK: disorder predispositions and protections"
.
Canine Medicine and Genetics
.
9
(1): 4.
doi
:
10.1186/s40575-022-00117-6
.
ISSN
2662-9380
.
PMC
9115981
.
PMID
35581668
.
- ^
a
b
Flaim, Denise (27 August 2021).
"Pug History: Origins of the Ancient, Wrinkly Companion Dog"
.
American Kennel Club
. Retrieved
6 March
2024
.
- ^
"Chapter X. The Pug"
.
chestofbooks.com
. Retrieved
6 March
2024
.
- ^
"pug, n.²".
Oxford English Dictionary
. Oxford University Press. 2 March 2023.
doi
:
10.1093/oed/7135363746
.
- ^
Color: The colors are fawn or black. The fawn color should be decided so as to make the contrast complete between the color and the trace and mask.
- ^
"Ears"
.
Pugs.org
. Pug Dog Club of America. Archived from
the original
on 15 October 2008
. Retrieved
14 October
2008
.
- ^
Belmonte, Brenda (2004).
The Pug Handbook
. New York: Barron's Educational Series Inc. p.?
13
.
ISBN
978-0-7641-2488-4
.
pug craves attention.
- ^
"The Lo-Sze"
.
National Purebred Dog Day®
. 5 September 2020
. Retrieved
3 March
2024
.
- ^
Collier, V. W. F. (1921).
Dogs of China & Japan, in nature and art
. W. Heinemann, London. p.?
147
.
The Lo-Chiang dog was a "pai" dog and consequently small, "short-headed," and "short-legged" before 1000 C.E. It was very possibly the Chinese Pug and appears to have been fashionable at the Chinese court from the beginning of the eighth century to the middle of the eleventh century, possibly even up to the removal of the capital from Hsianfu (
Xi'an
) to Peking (
Beijing
) in about 1153 C.E.
- ^
a
b
Loades, Mike (2 December 2020).
Dogs: Working Origins and Traditional Tasks
. White Owl.
ISBN
978-1-5267-4230-8
.
- ^
Moffat, Norma (27 March 2006).
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: Your Happy Healthy Pet
(2nd?ed.). Howell Book House. p.?
19
.
ISBN
0-471-74823-4
.
- ^
William Hogarth. The Painter and his Pug, 1745.
Archived
6 May 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
Tate Gallery, London, England.
www.tate.org.uk
. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^
Maggitti, Phil (2000).
Pugs: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Behavior, and Training
. Barron's Educational Series. p.?
10
.
ISBN
978-0-7641-1045-0
. Retrieved
17 January
2010
.
pug.
- ^
Wilhelmina Swainston-Goodger (5 March 2013).
The Pug-Dog - Its History and Origin
. Read Books Limited. pp.?50?.
ISBN
978-1-4474-8817-0
.
Archived
from the original on 29 February 2024
. Retrieved
22 March
2020
.
- ^
Macdonogh, Katharine (August 1996). "Prison Pets in the French Revolution".
History Today
.
46
.
- ^
"Royal Collection - The Duke of York holding a Pug"
.
royalcollection.org.uk
.
Archived
from the original on 24 September 2015
. Retrieved
6 September
2013
.
- ^
Yang, C. (2012). Culture in Miniature: Toy Dogs and Object Life. Eighteenth Century Fiction, 25(1), 139-174.
- ^
"Things you should know before owning a Pug"
.
www.anniebees.com
. Retrieved
2 March
2024
.
- ^
"The Prince Mark"
.
National Purebred Dog Day
. 14 May 2016
. Retrieved
2 March
2024
.
- ^
a
b
"Willoughby and Morrison Pugs"
.
National Purebred Dog Day®
. 31 March 2020
. Retrieved
2 March
2024
.
- ^
"The Pug. Part 2"
.
chestofbooks.com
. Retrieved
2 March
2024
.
- ^
"Chapter II. Smooth Toy Dogs. The Pug"
.
chestofbooks.com
. Retrieved
2 March
2024
.
- ^
"Pugs in Ancient Orient"
.
mypugs.atwebpages.com
. Retrieved
3 March
2024
.
- ^
Rodin, Therese (20 February 2020).
"Happa/Lo-sze/Chinese Pugs ? the Chinese origin"
.
Pugdogpassion
. Retrieved
3 March
2024
.
- ^
"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dogs of all nations, by W. E. Mason"
.
www.gutenberg.org
. Retrieved
3 March
2024
.
- ^
"Smooth Toy Dogs. The Pug. Continued"
.
chestofbooks.com
. Retrieved
6 March
2024
.
- ^
"Register | British Newspaper Archive"
. Retrieved
6 March
2024
? via
British Newspaper Archive
.
- ^
Cunliffe, Juliette.
"History of the Pug"
.
DogChannel.com
. Archived from
the original
on 13 May 2016
. Retrieved
26 December
2009
.
- ^
"Interview with Ann Joe Sampaio, owner of Double D Cinoblu's Masterpiece"
.
World Dog Show
2015. 27 February 2014. Archived from
the original
on 26 April 2016
. Retrieved
18 April
2016
.
- ^
"DOUBLE D CINOBLU'S MASTERPIECE"
.
Pedigree Online
.
Archived
from the original on 19 February 2024
. Retrieved
19 February
2024
.
- ^
"Netherlands puts further limits on breeding flat-faced dogs"
.
NL Times
. 24 August 2023.
Archived
from the original on 29 February 2024
. Retrieved
15 December
2023
.
- ^
Retro Pug
Archived
5 August 2021 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Zooplus magazine
, accessed: 5 August 2021.
- ^
Qualzucht im Fokus: Der Mops
Archived
13 August 2021 at the
Wayback Machine
, Welttierschutz.org, 22 August 2019.
- ^
Waterfield, Bruno (23 January 2023).
"Dutch ban on pugs and French bulldogs puts owners' noses out of joint"
.
The Times
.
Archived
from the original on 6 February 2024
. Retrieved
6 February
2024
.
- ^
Knecht, C. D. (1979). Upper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 1, 25-31.
- ^
Oechtering, Gerhard U.; Pohl, Sabine; Schlueter, Claudia; Lippert, Johanna P.; Alef, Michaele; Kiefer, Ingmar; Ludewig, Eberhard; Schuenemann, Riccarda (21 January 2016). "A Novel Approach to Brachycephalic Syndrome. 1. Evaluation of Anatomical Intranasal Airway Obstruction".
Veterinary Surgery
.
45
(2). Wiley: 165?172.
doi
:
10.1111/vsu.12446
.
ISSN
0161-3499
.
PMID
26790550
.
- ^
a
b
Hendricks, Joan C. (1992).
"Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome"
.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
.
22
(5). Elsevier BV: 1145?1153.
doi
:
10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0
.
ISSN
0195-5616
.
PMID
1523786
.
- ^
Ekenstedt, K.J.; Crosse, K.R.; Risselada, M. (2020).
"Canine Brachycephaly: Anatomy, Pathology, Genetics and Welfare"
.
Journal of Comparative Pathology
.
176
. Elsevier BV: 109?115.
doi
:
10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.008
.
ISSN
0021-9975
.
PMC
7380493
.
PMID
32359622
.
- ^
TC, Amis; C, Kurpershoek (1986).
"Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs"
.
American Journal of Veterinary Research
.
47
(10). Am J Vet Res: 2200?2204.
ISSN
0002-9645
.
PMID
3777646
.
Archived
from the original on 6 February 2024
. Retrieved
6 February
2024
.
- ^
Hendricks, J. C.; Kline, L. R.; Kovalski, R. J.; O'Brien, J. A.; Morrison, A. R.; Pack, A. I. (1 October 1987). "The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing".
Journal of Applied Physiology
.
63
(4). American Physiological Society: 1344?1350.
doi
:
10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344
.
ISSN
8750-7587
.
PMID
3693167
.
- ^
Meola, Stacy D. (2013). "Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome".
Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
.
28
(3). Elsevier BV: 91?96.
doi
:
10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004
.
ISSN
1938-9736
.
PMID
24182996
.
- ^
Lundgrun, Becky (26 June 2006).
"Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex)"
.
VeterinaryPartner.com
.
Archived
from the original on 4 February 2018
. Retrieved
26 December
2009
.
- ^
Sebbag, Lionel; Sanchez, Rick F. (2023).
"The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome"
.
Veterinary Ophthalmology
.
26
(S1): 31?46.
doi
:
10.1111/vop.13054
.
ISSN
1463-5216
.
PMID
36585820
.
- ^
Hobi, Stefan; Barrs, Vanessa R.; B?czkowski, Paweł M. (16 June 2023).
"Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs"
.
Animals
.
13
(12). MDPI AG: 2016.
doi
:
10.3390/ani13122016
.
ISSN
2076-2615
.
PMC
10294810
.
PMID
37370526
.
- ^
Gruenheid, Michaela; Aarnes, Turi K.; McLoughlin, Mary A.; Simpson, Elaine M.; Mathys, Dimitria A.; Mollenkopf, Dixie F.; Wittum, Thomas E. (1 August 2018). "Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs".
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
.
253
(3). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 301?306.
doi
:
10.2460/javma.253.3.301
.
ISSN
0003-1488
.
PMID
30020004
.
S2CID
51676839
.
- ^
Ewers Clark, Anna (22 December 2022).
"Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs ? is there an increased risk?"
.
Veterinary Evidence
.
7
(4).
doi
:
10.18849/ve.v7i4.534
.
ISSN
2396-9776
.
- ^
"Air Travel and Short-Nosed Dogs FAQ"
.
American Veterinary Medical Association
.
Archived
from the original on 12 June 2019
. Retrieved
7 July
2014
.
- ^
Haughney, Christine (6 October 2011).
"Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private"
.
The New York Times
. Archived from
the original
on 7 October 2011
. Retrieved
7 July
2014
.
- ^
"Research shows Pugs at highest risk of obesity"
.
British Small Animal Veterinary Association
. 27 January 2023.
Archived
from the original on 6 February 2024
. Retrieved
6 February
2024
.
- ^
O'Neill, Dan G.; Darwent, Elisabeth C.; Church, David B.; Brodbelt, Dave C. (10 June 2016).
"Demography and health of Pugs under primary veterinary care in England"
.
Canine Genetics and Epidemiology
.
3
(1): 5.
doi
:
10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z
.
ISSN
2052-6687
.
PMC
4903005
.
PMID
27293771
.
- ^
Teng, Kendy Tzu-yun; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Pegram, Camilla; Church, David B.; O'Neill, Dan G. (28 April 2022).
"Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom"
.
Scientific Reports
.
12
(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 6415.
Bibcode
:
2022NatSR..12.6415T
.
doi
:
10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6
.
ISSN
2045-2322
.
PMC
9050668
.
PMID
35484374
.
- ^
Inoue, Mai; Kwan, Nigel C. L.; Sugiura, Katsuaki (2018).
"Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data"
.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
.
80
(7). Japanese Society of Veterinary Science: 1153?1158.
doi
:
10.1292/jvms.17-0384
.
ISSN
0916-7250
.
PMC
6068313
.
PMID
29798968
.
- ^
"Pedigree dogs plagued by disease"
.
BBC News
. 19 August 2008.
Archived
from the original on 18 September 2008
. Retrieved
26 December
2009
.
- ^
"Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed"
.
OFFA.org
. Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals. Archived from
the original
on 19 October 2010
. Retrieved
14 October
2010
.
- ^
O'Neill, D. G.; Turgoose, E.; Church, D. B.; Brodbelt, D. C.; Hendricks, A. (2020).
"Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations"
.
Journal of Small Animal Practice
.
61
(1): 32?41.
doi
:
10.1111/jsap.13067
.
ISSN
0022-4510
.
PMC
7003809
.
PMID
31584708
.
- ^
a
b
Cynthia M. Kahn, BA MA, ed. (2010).
The Merck Veterinary Manual
(10th?ed.). Kendallville, Indiana: Courier Kendallville, Inc. pp.?1119, 1158.
ISBN
978-0-911910-93-3
.
- ^
Windsor, Rebecca; Stewart, Samuel; Schmidt, Jessica; Mosqueda, Mario; Piras, Ignazio; Keller, Stefan M.; Steinmetz, Briana; Borjesson, Dori L.; Huentelman, Matthew; Khanna, Chand (2022).
"A potential early clinical phenotype of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in genetically at-risk pug dogs"
.
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
.
36
(4): 1382?1389.
doi
:
10.1111/jvim.16444
.
ISSN
0891-6640
.
PMC
9308433
.
PMID
35621070
.
- ^
"Hemivertebrae"
.
Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals
. ufaw.org.uk: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Archived from
the original
on 12 March 2015
. Retrieved
11 September
2014
.
- ^
Evans KM, Adams VJ. Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section. J Small Anim Pract. 2010 Feb;51(2):113-8.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x
.
PMID
20136998
.
- ^
"The perils of being the Vodafone pug"
.
India Times
. 23 November 2016.
Archived
from the original on 1 December 2017
. Retrieved
19 November
2017
.
- ^
"Return of the Vodafone pug"
.
livemint.com
. 14 March 2016.
Archived
from the original on 24 November 2017
. Retrieved
19 November
2017
.
- ^
Jaypal, Renuka.
Going Digital in India
Archived
15 October 2006 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Viewpoint
, May 2006, retrieved 24 November 2006.
- ^
Austen, Jane (1814).
Mansfield Park
.
- ^
"PUG IN BLACK: FRANK WALKS AWAY WITH MIIB"
.
courant.com
. 9 July 2002.
Archived
from the original on 19 October 2020
. Retrieved
5 May
2020
.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Pug
.