Marie Clementine Leopoldine Caroline Clotilde of Orleans , styled Mademoiselle de Beaujolais , was born on 3 June 1817 at the Chateau de Neuilly , in Neuilly-sur-Seine , France, soon after the Bourbon Restoration . She became a royal princess, Princess of Orleans , ^[2] following her father's ascension to the French throne in 1830.

As a young woman, it was written that she "is represented to possess great beauty and accomplishments." ^[3] Clementine was taught history by the radical historian Jules Michelet , who would spend lessons glorifying the French Revolution to his young student. ^[4]

As a princess, Clementine was sought after as a bride by royal families throughout Europe. In 1836, it was rumoured that Clementine would marry her cousin, Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies , when the period of his widowhood expired. ^[3]

King Leopold I of Belgium organised the marriage of Clementine and Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , who was closely connected to the royal houses of the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, Brazil, Mexico and Austria-Hungary. August's cousin Albert married August's other cousin Queen Victoria and was Prince Consort in the United Kingdom. ^[5]

The contract of marriage between Clementine and August was signed in Vienna on 24 February 1843 by the French Ambassador Charles Joseph, Comte de Flahaut , representing Clementine and the Belgian Ambassador Baron O'Sullivan, representing August. ^[6]

Prior to the wedding, the couple sought to reside in Austria, and an application was made to Prince Metternich , to know on what footing the husband of Princess Clementine would be received at the Court of Vienna. ^[7] The answer was that Princess Clementine would be received as Princess of the Royal Family of the Bourbons but the Austrian Court would not recognise August as a Royal Highness. ^[7] In consequence, it was decided that Prince Augustus would reside in France, and that he would quit the Austrian service and enter that of France, although he was an Austrian subject. ^[7]

On 20 April 1843, Princess Clementine married Prince August at the Chateau de Saint-Cloud , with much "of European royalty in attendance." ^[8] The couple had five children.

Described as "a woman of formidable character and ambition... Clementine dominated her husband and spoilt her children. Having herself married no more than a wealthy but undistinguished prince, she sought thrones for her sons." ^[9]

The Revolutions of 1848 in France led to the end of her father's reign, forcing Clementine and her family to flee France, although Clementine and Auguste, after ensuring their children were safely away, mingled with the crowd on the Place de la Concorde during the abdication ^[10] before leisurely travelling to Versailles by train. ^[11] She then accompanied her father to the French Embassy in London ^[12] before heading to Coburg, and then onto Vienna, where her husband was an officer with the Austro-Hungarian army .

Clementine campaigned to regain the assets taken by decree from the Orleans by Louis Napoleon , seeking the return of the ancestral inheritance by, amongst other things, a letter writing campaign to the French media. ^[13] She publicly refused the offer from Emperor Napoleon III of 200,000 francs , demanding instead the heritage of her father. ^[14]

While staying with Queen Victoria in July 1851, Clementine had to cut short her visit to return to Spain when news arrived that her sons' tutor "had gone off his head". ^[15] Victoria fretted that she would share Clementine's fate and revolution would end the British monarchy, and feared what would happen to her children. ^[16]

August died in 1881. ^[17] Clementine did not remarry, living almost to the age of 90.

Realising that she would never be queen, Clementine turned her efforts to instilling in Ferdinand, her favorite child, the idea that, as a descendant not only of Louis-Philippe but of the Sun King , he deserved to be a king, of which country was not an important matter. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Clementine ensured that Ferdinand was widely educated; fluent in several languages, Ferdinand also gained a great interest in the natural sciences and nature, ^[18] all of which, Clementine believed, would make Ferdinand an excellent king.

As it turned out, that country was Bulgaria and Clementine actively lobbied for Ferdinand's election as Prince of Bulgaria. ^[19]

Clementine then worked to ensure European recognition of Ferdinand, lobbying other heads of state, including Kaiser Wilhelm II and Ferdinand's suzerain , Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire . She was said to "cast a beneficent and civilizing glow around [Ferdinand], smoothing away many difficulties by her womanly tact and philanthropic activity." ^{[ citation needed ]}

Clementine also found time to design a royal crown for Ferdinand, which included a "requisite number of jewels from her own dressing case". ^[20] Unfortunately, Ferdinand made a number of alterations to the design but decided not to pay the painter for painting a portrait of the new crown, leading him to be sued by the painter in a Munich court. ^[20]

Clementine followed her son to Bulgaria, where she became an important person as the mother of the sovereign. Extremely wealthy, Clementine made herself popular in her adopted homeland by showering money on Bulgaria, including a donation of four million francs towards the completion of a railway line linking Bulgaria to Europe's rail network. ^[21] She is considered to have had a positive impact on Bulgarian society, and created good will for Ferdinand among the Bulgarian public by large donation to charitable and public causes: she financed the construction of several buildings and institutions, such as a school for the Blind and the Klimentinskata Hospital, and she was also one of the founders of the Bulgarian Red Cross . ^{[ citation needed ]}

Clementine also gained a reputation for haughtiness and disdain for anyone not of royal blood, although she surprised many observers with her charm and good humour at times. ^[22] At official dinners, it is said she "smiled at the small incongruities committed during these meals by the uncouth Bulgarian notabilities of those days, and she contrived somehow by her tact, and without ever wounding any one among them, to teach them that peas are not to be eaten with one's knife, and that it is not altogether the thing to drink from the finger-bowl." ^[22]

A friend of Queen Victoria , Clementine would lunch with Victoria, particularly at Coburg when Victoria would visit her German relatives. ^[23]

Said to be "one of the cleverest royal ladies in Europe", ^[24] Clementine was known for her "shrewd mind and a remarkable understanding of European politics and diplomacy", and was often sent by Ferdinand as his representative on diplomatic missions around Europe. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Clementine also sought a suitable bride for Ferdinand and was said to be "anxious" to arrange a marriage between Ferdinand and Princess Helene of Orleans , the Comte de Paris's daughter, but Princess Helene demurred. ^[24]

In February 1896, Clementine was reported to have "broken off relations" with Ferdinand following Ferdinand's consent to have his son Boris baptised into the Bulgarian Orthodox Church . ^[25] They reconciled, however, and one of the highlights of her life was seeing Prince Ferdinand hailed as a recognized head of state during an official visit to Paris later that year. This was particularly poignant, as it recalled her father's forced abdication and flight from Paris in 1848. ^[26]

In 1899, her daughter-in-law Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma died following complications from the birth of daughter Nadezhda ^[27] (who was privately christened Clementine in honour of her grandmother) ^[28] and Clementine assumed responsibility for the education of the children.

Following the Ilinden?Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 and the resultant increase in refugees, Clementine co-ordinated the humanitarian response, gathering donations throughout Europe, including 2000 Francs from Kaiser Wilhelm II. ^[29]

In October 1903, Clementine, along with Prince Boris, was on the Orient Express when it collided with a goods train near the Serbian border. Although shaken, they were not hurt. ^[30]

Increasingly deaf as she aged, Clementine became dependent on an enormous ear trumpet and on people obligingly raising their voices for her. It became an occupational hazard of the Bulgarian court to be caught in long, loud conversations with Clementine that she was reluctant to end. However, even well into her eighties, Clementine often traveled to Paris to study the latest fashions. ^[24]

Although she saw Ferdinand recognized internationally as Prince of Bulgaria (albeit under the nominal suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan), Clementine died the year before the dream of seeing her son installed as an independent monarch was realized. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Clementine suffered from inflammation of the right lung in February 1898 and, while there were fears for her health, ^[31] she was able to recover satisfactorily. ^[32]

In early February 1907, Clementine was struck with a bout of influenza , which, considering her age, was feared to be terminal. ^[33] Clementine was reported to have recovered from this bout "so that all danger has passed" ^[33] but remained weak.

Clementine died in Vienna on 16 February 1907, at the age of eighty-nine. ^{[34] [35]} Her influence on Ferdinand was so pronounced that people began to predict his downfall. She was buried in Coburg , with an inscription on her memorial, composed by Ferdinand after his installation as tsar in 1908, reading "King's daughter, no Queen herself, yet King's mother.". ^[36] She was the last surviving child of Louis-Philippe.

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• Barman, R. (2002) Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825?1891 , Stanford University Press. ISBN  0-8047-4400-9 .
• Constant, S. (1979) Foxy Ferdinand, 1861?1948, Tsar of Bulgaria , Sidgwick and Jackson, London. ISBN  0-283-98515-1 .
• de Saint-Amand, I. (1895) The Revolution of 1848 , Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
• Ilchev, I., Kolev, V. & Yanchev, V. (2005) Bulgarian parliament and Bulgarian statehood , St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, ISBN  954-07-2197-0 .
• Jobson, D. (1848) Career of Louis-Philippe: with a full account of the late revolution , E. Churton.
• Longford, E. (1987) Victoria R.I. , George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd, London. ISBN  0-297-17001-5 .
• Mansel, P. (2001) Paris Between Empires , Phoenix, London. ISBN  1-84212-656-3 .
• Princess Catherine Radziwill (1916, reprinted 2010) Sovereigns and Statesmen of Europe , Get Books, ISBN  1-4455-6810-1 .