Francois Bozize Yangouvonda
(born 14 October 1946)
[2]
is a
Central African
politician who was
President of the Central African Republic
from 2003 to 2013. He was the only
Central African
president born in modern-day
Gabon
.
Bozize rose to become a high-ranking army officer in the 1970s, under the rule of
Jean-Bedel Bokassa
. After Bokassa was ousted, Bozize served in the government as
Minister of Defense
from 1979 to 1981 and as
Minister of Information
from 1981 to 1982. He participated in a failed 1982 coup attempt against President
Andre Kolingba
and subsequently fled the country. Years later, he served as Army Chief of Staff under President
Ange-Felix Patasse
, but began a rebellion against Patasse in 2001.
Bozize's forces captured the capital,
Bangui
, in March 2003, while Patasse was outside the country, and Bozize took power, ushering in a transitional period of government. He won the
March?May 2005 presidential election
in a second round of voting, and was re-elected in the
January 2011 presidential election
, winning the vote in the first round.
In December 2012, the CAR was plunged into an
uprising
by rebel forces who condemned the Bozize government for not honoring peace agreements after the
Central African Republic Bush War
in 2007. On 24 March 2013, Bozize fled to
Cameroon
via the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
after the rebel forces attacked Bangui and took control of the presidential palace.
[3]
[4]
There, he was housed by
Paul Biya
, president of Cameroon.
[5]
[6]
[7]
On 29 May 2013, an international arrest warrant was issued against Bozize by the Central African Republic.
[8]
[9]
Early life and Kolingba's rule
edit
Bozize was born in the present-day nation of
Gabon
, a member of the
Gbaya people
, and attended a military officers' training college in the Central African province of
Bouar
.
[10]
He became a second lieutenant in 1969 and a captain in 1975.
[10]
He was appointed
Brigadier General
[10]
by the
Emperor of Central Africa
Bokassa I (
Jean-Bedel Bokassa
) in 1978, after he beat a French noncommissioned officer who had been disrespectful to the Emperor.
[11]
[12]
With General Josyhat Mayomokala, Bozize ordered military personnel to attack young demonstrators who were asking for their parents'
arrears
.
[13]
After Bokassa was ousted by
David Dacko
in 1979, Bozize was appointed Minister of Defense after an operation that the French army used to overthrow Bokassa (Operation Barracuda).
[14]
[10]
Following Dacko's ouster by
Andre Kolingba
in September 1981, Bozize was appointed Minister of Information, but fled to the north of the country with 100 soldiers after his involvement in a failed coup attempt led by
Ange-Felix Patasse
on 3 March 1982,
[15]
in which he accused Kolingba of treason and proclaimed the change of power on
Radio Bangui
.
[16]
He then obtained
refuge
in France.
[17]
Bozize was arrested in
Cotonou
, Benin in July 1989, and imprisoned and tortured. He was put on trial by Kolingba on charges of helping the coup d'etat in May but was acquitted on 24 September 1991 and released from prison on 1 December.
[10]
[18]
He then sought refuge in
France
,
[12]
where he remained for nearly two years.
Under pressure to
democratize
the government during the 1980s, Kolingba had formed a political party and held a
referendum
, in which he was elected to a six-year term in office as president. After the fall of the
Berlin Wall
, internal and external pressures eventually forced Kolingba to adopt the beginnings of a democratic approach. In March 1991, he named
Edouard Frank
Prime Minister but allowed him virtually no power. He also established a commission to revise the constitution in order to promote pluralism.
[
citation needed
]
As a result, the donor community severely restricted aid flows pending movement towards democracy putting the country into a vicious cycle in which it could not obtain the resources to pay for an election which would legitimize it sufficiently to obtain a flow of aid. When he was pressured by the international community, via a group of locally represented international donors called GIBAFOR (France, USA, Germany, Japan, EU, World Bank and UN), including a very vocal and eloquent US ambassador to the Central African Republic,
Daniel H. Simpson
, to hold fair elections. They were assisted by the UN Electoral Assistance Unit and monitored by international observers in 1992 but a lot of the resources came from France. Kolingba had the 1992 election sabotaged as he discovered he was not expected to win the vote and so declared the election invalid getting the Constitutional Council cancel it. Under continued pressure from the donor group the election was rescheduled for September 1993.
[19]
In the 1993 election, Bozize ran for the presidency as an
independent
, receiving 12,159 votes, 1.5% of the total votes cast.
[20]
Patasse,
Abel Goumba
and Kolingba received 37.32%, 21.68% and 12.10% of the vote, respectively, but since none of the candidates obtained a majority, a
run-off election
between the top two candidates ? Patasse and Goumba ? was held. Patasse defeated Goumba by a 53.49%?46.51% vote and was elected president of the Central African Republic.
[21]
[22]
Relations with Patasse
edit
For many years Bozize was considered a supporter of Patasse and helped him suppress army
mutinies
in 1996 and 1997. Bozize was named the Armed Forces Chief of Staff. Bozize showed no activity against Patasse and frequently crushed revolts against the president.
[
citation needed
]
On 28 May 2001, a coup was attempted against Patasse
[23]
and defeated with the help of
Libyan
troops and
Congolese
rebels of the
Movement for the Liberation of Congo
.
[24]
Afterwards, Bozize's loyalty was questioned, and in late October 2001 he was dismissed as Army Chief of Staff. Fighting erupted when the government tried to arrest Bozize on 3 November; after five days of this, government forces aided by Libyan troops captured the barracks where Bozize was based,
[25]
and Bozize fled north to
Chad
.
[26]
[27]
Fighting between government forces and Bozize's rebels continued during 2002. From 25 to 31 October, his forces unsuccessfully attacked on the capital,
Bangui
; soldiers of the Congolese MLC, which again came to Patasse's aid, were accused of looting and rape.
[28]
This period was marked by tensions between Chad and Patasse's government. Patasse's ruling party accused Chadian president
Idriss Deby
of destabilizing the Central African Republic by supporting Bozize with men and equipment.
[29]
2003 Coup d’etat and Presidency
edit
On 15 March 2003, Bozize finally succeeded in seizing power, with his forces entering Bangui unopposed. Patasse was returning from a meeting in
Niger
at the time, but could not land because Bozize's forces controlled the airport.
[30]
Patasse took refuge in
Cameroon
and then
Togo
the next year.
On 23 March, Bozize appointed Abel Goumba as Prime Minister.
[31]
In December, he made Goumba Vice-President and appointed
Celestin Gaombalet
in his place as Prime Minister.
[32]
Bozize suspended the country's 1995 constitution after seizing power, and a new constitution, reportedly similar to the old one, was approved by voters in a
referendum
on 5 December 2004.
[33]
After seizing power, Bozize initially said he would not run in a planned future presidential election, but after the successful constitutional referendum, he announced his intention to stand as a candidate on 11 December:
- After thinking thoroughly, and being deeply convinced and keeping in mind the nation's interest, I grasped the deep sense of my people's calls. As a citizen, I'll take my responsibility.
- I'll contest the election to achieve the task of rebuilding the country, which is dear to me and according to your wish.
[10]
After Bozize seized power, the Central African Republic Bush War began with the rebellion by the
Union of Democratic Forces for Unity
(UFDR), led by
Michel Djotodia
.
[34]
This quickly escalated into major fighting during 2004.
[35]
The UFDR rebel forces consisted of five allies, the
Groupe d'action patriotique pour la liberation
[36]
de Centrafrique
(GAPLC), the
Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace
(CPJP), the
People's Army for the Restoration of Democracy
(APRD), the
Movement of Central African Liberators for Justice
[37]
(MLCJ), and the
Front democratique Centrafricain
(FDC).
[38]
In December 2004, a constitution was approved in a referendum which would allow a
semi presidential system
and a two term limit.
[39]
That same month on 30 December 2004, Bozize was one of five candidates approved to run in
the presidential election
scheduled for early 2005.
[40]
On 4 January 2005, Bozize announced that three initially excluded candidates would also be allowed to run, although former president Patasse was not included in either group.
[41]
In late January, it was announced that more candidates would be permitted to run in the election, bringing the total to 11 and leaving only Patasse barred. The elections were also delayed by one month from the previously scheduled date of 13 February to 13 March.
[42]
Bozize placed first in the 13 March election, taking just under 43% of the vote according to official results.
[43]
He faced Patasse's last prime minister,
Martin Ziguele
, in a second round of voting; this was held on 8 May and according to official results announced on 24 May, he won with 64.6% of the vote.
[44]
He was sworn in on 11 June.
[45]
The National Assembly authorized Bozize to rule by decree for three months, from 1 January to 31 March 2006; his Prime Minister,
Elie Dote
, said that this period of rule by decree was successful, enabling Bozize to take measures to streamline the civil service.
[46]
In addition to being president, Bozize has been Minister of National Defense since taking power. At the end of the transitional period, he retained the defense portfolio when he appointed a new government under Dote in June 2005,
[47]
and he also kept it in a September 2006 cabinet reshuffle.
[48]
In early 2006, Bozize's government appeared stable. However, Patasse, who was living in exile in Togo, could not be ruled out as a leader of a future uprising. His supporters reportedly were joining or were prepared to join rebel movements in belief that their leader was still the rightful head of state of the country. Further, members of Kolingba's
Yakoma
tribe in the south posed a potential threat to Bozize's government because of their widespread boycott of the second round of the legislative elections. Members of the Yakoma dominate the army. On 13 April 2007, a peace agreement between the government and the UFDR was signed in
Birao
. The agreement provided for an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the army.
[49]
[50]
Further negotiations resulted in an agreement in 2008 for reconciliation, a unity government, and local elections in 2009 and parliamentary and presidential elections in 2010.
[51]
The new unity government that resulted was formed in January 2009.
[52]
Facing a general strike over wage arrears for civil servants in January 2008,
[53]
Bozize appointed a new government headed by
Faustin-Archange Touadera
, an academic figure who was politically unknown. In that government he kept the defense portfolio, while also appointing his son Francis Bozize to work under him as Minister-Delegate. Bozize's sister, Yvonne M'Boissona, who had been Minister of Tourism, was reappointed to the government as Minister of Water, Forests, Hunting, Fishing, and the Environment.
[53]
His nephew,
Sylvain Ndoutingai
, served as Minister of State of Mines, Energy, and Water Resources.
[
citation needed
]
In February 2010, Kolingba died in France. In early March, Bozize presided over his burial ceremony in Bangui. The same week, Bozize signed a presidential decree setting the date for the next presidential election which was to be held on 25 April 2010.
[54]
The elections were first postponed to 16 May, and then indefinitely.
[55]
The parliament was asked to pass a change to the constitution allowing the President to continue its mandate until elections could be organized.
[56]
Some sources saw the delay in elections as a constitutional coup, and did not expect elections to take place anytime soon.
[57]
However, elections were held in January and March 2011. Bozize and his party both won in the elections.
Central African Bush War
edit
After Francois Bozize took power in
March of 2003
a rebellion broke out. Soon the rebellion would turn into a
civil war
and the rebels now called
Union of Democratic Forces for Unity
(UFDR) led by
Michel Djotodia
who would take power in a
coup d’etat
in 2013. But before the start of the bush war in 2004
Central African Republic
was already become unstable.
[
citation needed
]
On 17 April 2004,
security forces
reportedly killed eight "Liberators,"
Chadian combatants
who had helped the President seize power in 2003. Prior to the killings, the Chadian combatants had staged violent demonstrations, looted approximately 75 homes in a Bangui suburb, and demanded payment from President Bozize for their support during the rebellion that allowed him to depose former
President Patasse
. During the year, the President reportedly paid each Liberator $1,000 (504,000 CFA francs) before they ostensibly returned to Chad.
[58]
During the first year, many parts of the country, and the
Government
was significantly affected by insecurity and the threat of conflict. In April 2004, the Government deployed 200 soldiers to fight banditry in the northern and northwest
provinces
, including Kemo and Ouham-Pende. Some human rights observers said they believed that many of the armed groups were the same rebels and mercenaries, including Chadian ex-combatants, who helped Bozize seize power in the 2003 coup; these observers said that because Bozize had been unable to pay the ex-combatants.
[58]
:?84?
Between 2006 and 2007 President Francois Bozize was holding a national dialogue with rebel groups and political foes to try to end the fighting. He has signed peace pacts with two rebel groups but instability was rising.
[59]
Further negotiations resulted in an agreement in 2008 for reconciliation, a unity government and local elections in 2009 and parliamentary and presidential elections in 2010.
[60]
During this war many were killed,houses burnt, villages destroyed and many others such as no drinking water. Around 10,000 people were displaced because of the civil unrest.
[59]
In every case of rebellion, there are abuses, I cannot deny that, there are abuses.? Francois Bozize
[61]
National Development
edit
Even though the
Central African Republic
has many minerals and abundance of arable land many of the people in Central African Republic were in poverty and male life expectancy went down during his presidency and in 2009 CAR had a
GDP per capita
of just 456$. The cause for this was because he would focus on only himself. This would make living standards in CAR worse because commercial enterprises were destroyed. While he ruled the country corruption increased under his rule and so would diamond smuggling.
[62]
Foreign Relations
edit
In April 2006,
Chadian
rebels names
United Front for Democratic Change
that were based in
Darfur
used
C.A.R
. as a route to attack
Chad
. Bozize’s response was that he would close the border between
Sudan
and Central African Republic.
[63]
Civil War leadership
edit
On 10 December 2012, the
Seleka CPSK-CPJP-UFDR
(
Seleka
means
coalition
) seized the towns of
N'Dele
,
Sam Ouandja
and
Ouadda
. Rebels fought with
government
and allied CPJP troops for over an hour before securing the town of N'Dele.
[64]
On 27 December, Bozize requested international assistance to help with the rebellion, in particular from France and the United States.
French President
Francois Hollande
rejected the plea, saying that the 250 French troops stationed at
Bangui M'Poko International Airport
are there "in no way to intervene in the internal affairs".
[65]
On 11 January 2013, a ceasefire agreement was signed in
Libreville
, Gabon. The rebels dropped their demand for Bozize to resign, but he had to appoint a new
prime minister
from the opposition party by 18 January 2013.
[66]
On 13 January, Bozize signed a decree that removed Prime Minister Touadera from power, as part of the agreement with the rebel coalition. On 17 January,
Nicolas Tiangaye
was appointed Prime Minister.
[67]
By 22 March, however, the rebels had renewed their advance, accusing Bozize of failing to honor the January ceasefire agreement. They took towns throughout the Central African Republic, including
Damara
and
Bossangoa
. They advanced to within 22 kilometers of Bangui,
[68]
but were halted with an aerial assault from an
attack helicopter
.
[69]
However, Nelson N'Djadder, presumed spokesman for the rebels, claimed that they shot down the helicopter.
[70]
On 24 March, rebel forces heavily attacked Bangui and took control of major structures, including the presidential palace. Bozize's family fled across the river to the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
[71]
and then to
Yaounde
, the capital of Cameroon, where he was granted temporary refuge.
[72]
Subsequently, he requested that
Benin
grant him
political asylum
.
[73]
Exile and elections
edit
Bozize was forced to flee the country after being overthrown in a
coup d’etat
in 2013.
[74]
While in exile, Bozize fled to Cameroon via the Democratic Republic of the Congo after the rebel forces attacked Bangui and took control of the presidential palace. There, he was housed by Paul Biya, president of Cameroon.
[75]
A warrant was placed for him and was transmitted on May 30, 2013. Bozize was accused of a string of arrests, abductions and arbitrary detentions as well as the destruction of nearly 4,000 homes.
[76]
Kwa Na Kwa
announced on 10 August 2015 that Bozize would return to the country and stand as a candidate in the
October 2015 presidential election
.
[77]
On 8 December 2015, the Constitutional Court announced the list of approved presidential candidacies. Bozize, who was still in exile, was barred from standing.
[78]
[79]
Officially, he was excluded on the grounds that he was not registered on the voter list and because he had agreed not to run again as part of the peace agreement in January 2013. Gunfire was subsequently reported in parts of Bangui, as his supporters reacted angrily to the news.
[78]
[79]
The KNK said that Bozize's exclusion was "the result of internal and external pressure",
[80]
with many of his supporters alleging that the French government was involved in the decision.
[79]
At the end of 2019 Bozize returned to CAR and announced his presidential candidacy for
upcoming elections
. However, on 3 December 2020 the Constitutional Court of CAR ruled that Bozize did not satisfy the "good morality" requirement for candidates because of an international warrant and
United Nations
sanctions against him for alleged assassinations, torture and other crimes.
[81]
The government then accused Bozize of plotting a coup.
[82]
On 22 September 2023, Bozize, who fled to Chad before moving to Guinea-Bissau, was sentenced in absentia to life imprisonment with hard labor by the Bangui Court of Appeal for unspecified crimes.
[83]
On 30 April 2024, the Special Criminal Court in Bangui issued an international arrest warrant against him on charges of human rights abuses committed during his presidency, including in
Bossembele
, which was dubbed as his "personal prison". However, Guinea-Bissau, where Bozize is currently living, does not allow for extradition.
[84]
[85]
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