This article is about the disc format in general. For the video recording format based upon DVD, see
DVD-Video
. For the audio storage format also based upon DVD, see
DVD-Audio
. For other uses, see
DVD (disambiguation)
.
The
DVD
(common abbreviation for
digital video disc
or
digital versatile disc
)
[9]
[10]
is a
digital
optical disc
data storage
format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in
Japan
. The medium can store any kind of
digital data
and has been widely used to store video programs (watched using
DVD players
), software and other computer files. DVDs offer significantly higher storage capacity than
compact discs
(CD) while having the same dimensions. A standard single-layer DVD can store up to 4.7
GB
of data, a dual-layer DVD up to 8.5 GB. Variants can store up to a maximum of 17.08 GB.
[11]
DVD
|
The data side of a DVD
manufactured by
Sony DADC
|
Media type
| Optical disc
|
---|
Encoding
| DVD-ROM and DVD-R(W) use one encoding, DVD-RAM and DVD+R(W) uses another
|
---|
Capacity
| 4.7?
GB
(single-sided, single-layer?? common)
8.5?GB (single-sided, double-layer)
9.4?GB (double-sided, single-layer)
17.08?GB (double-sided, double-layer)
Up to four layers are possible in a standard form DVD.
|
---|
Read
mechanism
| 300?650 nm laser, 10.5?
Mbit/s
(1×)
|
---|
Write
mechanism
| 650 nm laser with a focused beam using more power than for reading, 10.5?
Mbit/s
(1×)
|
---|
Standard
| DVD Forum
's DVD Books
[1]
[2]
[3]
and DVD+RW Alliance specifications
|
---|
Developed
by
| Sony
Panasonic
Philips
Toshiba
|
---|
Dimensions
| Diameter: 12 cm (4.7 in)
Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in)
|
---|
Weight
| 16 grams (0.56 oz)
|
---|
Usage
| Home video
,
Computer data storage
|
---|
Extended
from
| LaserDisc
Compact disc
|
---|
Extended
to
|
|
---|
Released
| November?1,?1996
?(
1996-11-01
)
(Japan)
[4]
January?1997
?(
1997-01
)
(
CIS
and other Asia)
March?24,?1997
?(
1997-03-24
)
(United States)
[5]
[6]
[7]
March?1998
?(
1998-03
)
(Europe)
[8]
February?1999
?(
1999-02
)
(Australia/New Zealand)
|
---|
Prerecorded DVDs are mass-produced using
molding machines
that physically stamp data onto the DVD. Such discs are a form of DVD-ROM because data can only be read and not written or erased. Blank
recordable DVD
discs (
DVD-R
and
DVD+R
) can be recorded once using a
DVD recorder
and then function as a DVD-ROM. Rewritable DVDs (
DVD-RW
,
DVD+RW
, and
DVD-RAM
) can be recorded and erased many times.
DVDs are used in
DVD-Video
consumer digital video format and less commonly in
DVD-Audio
consumer digital audio format, as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a special
AVCHD
format to hold
high definition
material (often in conjunction with AVCHD format
camcorders
). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as DVD data discs.
Etymology
The
Oxford English Dictionary
comments that, "In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc." The OED also states that in 1995, "The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD.
Toshiba
had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications."
[12]
"Digital versatile disc" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000
[13]
and in the
DVD Forum
's mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.
[14]
Because DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term
DVD
became popularly used in English as a
noun
to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the sentence to "watch a DVD" describes watching a movie on DVD.
[15]
History
Development and launch
Released in 1987,
CD Video
used analog video encoding on optical discs matching the established standard 120?mm (4.7?in) size of audio CDs.
Video CD
(VCD) became one of the first formats for distributing
digitally
encoded films in this format, in 1993.
[16]
In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia
Compact Disc
(MMCD), backed by
Philips
and
Sony
(developers of the CD and
CD-i
), and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by
Toshiba
,
Time Warner
,
Matsushita Electric
,
Hitachi
,
Mitsubishi Electric
,
Pioneer
,
Thomson
, and
JVC
. By the time of the press launches for both formats in January 1995, the MMCD nomenclature had been dropped, and Philips and Sony were referring to their format as Digital Video Disc (DVD).
[17]
[18]
On May 3, 1995, an
ad hoc
, industry technical group formed from five computer companies (IBM, Apple,
Compaq
,
Hewlett-Packard
, and Microsoft) issued a press release stating that they would only accept a single format.
[19]
[20]
The group voted to boycott both formats unless the two camps agreed on a single, converged standard. They recruited
Lou Gerstner
, president of IBM, to pressure the executives of the warring factions. In one significant compromise, the MMCD and SD groups agreed to adopt proposal SD 9, which specified that both layers of the dual-layered disc be read from the same side?instead of proposal SD 10, which would have created a two-sided disc that users would have to turn over. Philips/Sony strongly insisted on the source code,
EFMPlus
, that
Kees Schouhamer Immink
had designed for the MMCD, because it makes it possible to apply the existing CD servo technology. Its drawback was a loss from 5 to 4.7 Gbyte of capacity. Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995, agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both.
[21]
[22]
As a result, the DVD specification provided a storage capacity of 4.7
GB
(4.38
GiB
)
[a]
for a single-layered, single-sided disc and 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB) for a dual-layered, single-sided disc.
[23]
The DVD specification ended up similar to Toshiba and Matsushita's Super Density Disc, except for the dual-layer option. MMCD was single-sided and optionally dual-layer, whereas SD was two half-thickness, single-layer discs which were pressed separately and then glued together to form a double-sided disc.
[18]
Philips and Sony decided that it was in their best interests to end the format war, and on September 15, 1995
[24]
agreed to unify with companies backing the Super Density Disc to release a single format, with technologies from both. After other compromises between MMCD and SD, the group of computer companies won the day, and a single format was agreed upon. The computer companies also collaborated with the
Optical Storage Technology Association
(OSTA) on the use of their implementation of the ISO-13346 file system (known as
Universal Disk Format
) for use on the new DVDs. The format's details were finalized on December 8, 1995.
[25]
In November 1995,
Samsung
announced it would start mass-producing DVDs by September 1996.
[26]
The format launched on November 1, 1996, in Japan, mostly with
music video
releases. The first major releases from
Warner Home Video
arrived on December 20, 1996, with four titles being available.
[b]
[4]
The format's release in the U.S. was delayed multiple times, from August 1996,
[27]
to October 1996,
[28]
November 1996,
[29]
before finally settling on early 1997.
[30]
Players began to be produced domestically that winter, with March 24, 1997, as the U.S. launch date of the format proper in seven test markets.
[c]
[6]
[31]
Approximately 32 titles were available on launch day, mainly from the
Warner Bros.
,
MGM
, and
New Line
libraries,
[32]
[d]
with the notable inclusion of the 1996 film
Twister
.
[33]
However, the launch was planned for the following day (March 25), leading to a distribution change with retailers and studios to prevent similar violations of breaking the
street date
.
[34]
The nationwide rollout for the format happened on August 22, 1997.
[35]
[
better?source?needed
]
DTS
announced in late 1997 that they would be coming onto the format. The sound system company revealed details in a November 1997 online interview, and clarified it would release discs in early 1998.
[36]
However, this date would be pushed back several times before finally releasing their first titles at the 1999
Consumer Electronics Show
.
[37]
In 2001, blank DVD recordable discs cost the equivalent of $27.34
US dollars
in 2022.
[38]
[39]
Adoption
Movie
and
home entertainment
distributors adopted the DVD format to replace the ubiquitous
VHS
tape as the primary consumer video distribution format.
[40]
Immediately following the formal adoption of a unified standard for DVD, two of the four leading
video game console
companies (
Sega
and
The 3DO Company
) said they already had plans to design a gaming console with DVDs as the source medium.
[41]
Sony stated at the time that they had no plans to use DVD in their gaming systems, despite being one of the developers of the DVD format and eventually the first company to actually release a DVD-based console.
[41]
Game consoles such as the
PlayStation 2
,
Xbox
, and
Xbox 360
use DVDs as their source medium for games and other software. Contemporary games for Windows were also distributed on DVD. Early DVDs were mastered using
DLT
tape,
[42]
but using DVD-R DL or +R DL eventually became common.
[43]
TV DVD combos
, combining a standard definition CRT TV or an HD flat panel TV with a DVD mechanism under the CRT or on the back of the flat panel, and
VCR/DVD combos
were also available for purchase.
[44]
For consumers, DVD soon replaced VHS as the favored choice for home movie releases.
In 2001, DVD players outsold VCRs for the first time in the United States. At this time 1 in 4 American households owned a DVD player.
[45]
By 2007, about 80% of Americans owned a DVD player, a figure that had surpassed VCRs and was also higher than personal computers or cable television.
[46]
Specifications
The DVD specifications created and updated by the
DVD Forum
are published as so-called
DVD Books
(e.g. DVD-ROM Book, DVD-Audio Book, DVD-Video Book, DVD-R Book, DVD-RW Book, DVD-RAM Book, DVD-AR (Audio Recording) Book,
DVD-VR
(Video Recording) Book, etc.).
[1]
[2]
[3]
DVD discs are made up of two discs; normally one is blank, and the other contains data. Each disc is 0.6 mm thick, and are glued together to form a DVD disc. The gluing process must be done carefully to make the disc as flat as possible to avoid both
birefringence
and "disc tilt", which is when the disc is not perfectly flat, preventing it from being read.
[47]
[48]
Some specifications for mechanical, physical and optical characteristics of DVD optical discs can be downloaded as freely available standards from the
ISO
website.
[49]
There are also equivalent
European Computer Manufacturers Association
(Ecma) standards for some of these specifications, such as Ecma-267 for DVD-ROMs.
[50]
Also, the
DVD+RW Alliance
publishes competing recordable DVD specifications such as DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD+RW or
DVD+RW DL
. These DVD formats are also ISO standards.
[51]
[52]
[53]
[54]
Some DVD specifications (e.g. for DVD-Video) are not publicly available and can be obtained only from the DVD Format/Logo Licensing Corporation (DVD FLLC) for a fee of US$5000.
[55]
[56]
Every subscriber must sign a
non-disclosure agreement
as certain information on the DVD Books is proprietary and confidential.
[55]
Double-sided discs
Borrowing from the
LaserDisc
format, the DVD standard includes DVD-10 discs (Type B in ISO) with two recorded data layers such that only one layer is accessible from either side of the disc. This doubles the total nominal capacity of a DVD-10 disc to 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB), but each side is locked to 4.7 GB. Like DVD-5 discs, DVD-10 discs are defined as single-layer (SL) discs.
[49]
Dual-layer discs
DVD hardware accesses the additional layer (layer 1) by refocusing the laser through an otherwise normally-placed, semitransparent first layer (layer 0). This laser refocus?and the subsequent time needed to reacquire laser tracking?can cause a noticeable pause in A/V playback on earlier
DVD players
, the length of which varies between hardware.
[57]
A printed message explaining that the layer-transition pause was not a malfunction became standard on DVD
keep cases
. During mastering, a studio could make the transition less obvious by timing it to occur just before a camera angle change or other abrupt shift, an early example being the DVD release of
Toy Story
.
[58]
Later in the format's life, larger
data buffers
and faster
optical pickups
in DVD players made layer transitions effectively invisible regardless of mastering.
[
citation needed
]
Dual-layer DVDs are recorded using
Opposite Track Path
(OTP).
[59]
Combinations of the above
The DVD Book also permits an additional disc type called DVD-14: a hybrid double-sided disc with one dual-layer side, one single-layer side, and a total nominal capacity of 12.3 GB.
[60]
DVD-14 has no counterpart in ISO.
[49]
Both of these additional disc types are extremely rare due to their complicated and expensive manufacturing.
[60]
For this reason, some DVDs that were initially issued as double-sided discs were later pressed as two-disc sets.
?Note:
The above sections regarding disc types pertain to 12 cm discs. The same disc types exist for 8 cm discs: ISO standards still regard these discs as Types A?D, while the DVD Book assigns them distinct disc types. DVD-14 has no analogous 8 cm type. The comparative data for 8 cm discs is provided further down.
DVD recordable and rewritable
HP
initially developed recordable DVD media from the need to store data for backup and transport.
[61]
[
failed verification
]
DVD recordables are now also used for consumer audio and video recording. Three formats were developed:
DVD-R
/
RW
,
DVD+R
/
RW
(plus), and
DVD-RAM
. DVD-R is available in two formats, General (650?nm) and Authoring (635?nm), where Authoring discs may be recorded with
CSS
encrypted video content but General discs may not.
[62]
Dual-layer recording
Dual-layer recording (occasionally called double-layer recording) allows
DVD-R
and
DVD+R
discs to store nearly double the data of a single-layer disc?8.5 and 4.7
gigabyte
capacities, respectively.
[63]
The additional capacity comes at a cost: DVD±DLs have slower write speeds as compared to DVD±R.
[64]
DVD-R DL
was developed for the
DVD Forum
by
Pioneer Corporation
;
DVD+R DL
was developed for the DVD+RW Alliance by
Mitsubishi Kagaku Media
(MKM) and
Philips
.
[65]
Recordable DVD discs supporting dual-layer technology are backward-compatible with some hardware developed before the recordable medium.
[65]
Capacity
Capacity and nomenclature
[66]
[67]
SS = single-sided, DS = double-sided, SL = single-layer, DL = dual-layer
Designation
|
Sides
|
Layers
(total)
|
Diameter
(cm)
|
Capacity
|
(
GB
)
|
DVD-1
[68]
|
SS SL
|
1
|
1
|
8
|
1.46
|
DVD-2
|
SS DL
|
1
|
2
|
8
|
2.65
|
DVD-3
|
DS SL
|
2
|
2
|
8
|
2.92
|
DVD-4
|
DS DL
|
2
|
4
|
8
|
5.31
|
DVD-5
|
SS SL
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
4.70
|
DVD-9
|
SS DL
|
1
|
2
|
12
|
8.54
|
DVD-10
|
DS SL
|
2
|
2
|
12
|
9.40
|
DVD-14
[60]
|
DS SL+DL
|
2
|
3
|
12
|
13.24
|
DVD-18
|
DS DL
|
2
|
4
|
12
|
17.08
|
All units are expressed with
SI
/
IEC
prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).
Capacity and nomenclature of (re)writable discs
Designation
|
Sides
|
Layers
(total)
|
Diameter
(cm)
|
Capacity
|
(GB)
|
DVD-R
|
SS SL (1.0)
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
3.95
|
DVD-R
|
SS SL (2.0)
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
4.70
|
DVD-RW
|
SS SL
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
4.70
|
DVD+R
|
SS SL
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
4.70
|
DVD+RW
|
SS SL
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
4.70
|
DVD-R
|
SS DL
|
1
|
2
|
12
|
8.50
|
DVD-RW
|
SS DL
|
1
|
2
|
12
|
8.54
|
DVD+R
|
SS DL
|
1
|
2
|
12
|
8.54
|
DVD+RW
|
SS DL
|
1
|
2
|
12
|
8.54
|
DVD-RAM
|
SS SL
|
1
|
1
|
8
|
1.46*
|
DVD-RAM
|
DS SL
|
2
|
1
|
8
|
2.47*
|
DVD-RAM
|
SS SL (1.0)
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
2.58
|
DVD-RAM
|
SS SL (2.0)
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
4.70
|
DVD-RAM
|
DS SL (1.0)
|
2
|
1
|
12
|
5.15
|
DVD-RAM
|
DS SL (2.0)
|
2
|
1
|
12
|
9.39*
|
All units are expressed with
SI
/
IEC
prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).
Capacity differences of writable DVD formats
Type
|
Sectors
|
Bytes
|
kB
|
MB
|
GB
|
DVD-R SL
|
2,298,496
|
4,707,319,808
|
4,707,320
|
4,707
|
4.7
|
DVD+R SL
|
2,295,104
|
4,700,372,992
|
4,700,373
|
4,700
|
4.7
|
DVD-R DL
|
4,171,712
|
8,543,666,176
|
8,543,666
|
8,544
|
8.5
|
DVD+R DL
|
4,173,824
|
8,547,991,552
|
8,547,992
|
8,548
|
8.5
|
All units are expressed with
SI
/
IEC
prefixes (i.e., 1 Gigabyte = 1,000,000,000 bytes).
DVD drives and players
DVD drives are devices that can read DVD discs on a computer.
DVD players
are a particular type of devices that do not require a computer to work, and can read
DVD-Video
and
DVD-Audio
discs.
Transfer rates
Read and write speeds for the first DVD drives and players were 1,385?
kB
/s (1,353?
KiB
/s); this speed is usually called "1×". More recent models, at 18× or 20×, have 18 or 20 times that speed. For CD drives, 1× means 153.6?kB/s (150?KiB/s), about one-ninth as swift.
[68]
[69]
DVD drive speeds
Drive speed (not rotations)
|
Data rate
|
~Write time (minutes)
[e]
|
Revolutions per minute (
constant linear velocity
, CLV)
[70]
[71]
[f]
|
Mbit/s
|
MB/s
|
Single-Layer
|
Dual-Layer
|
1×
|
11
|
1.4
|
57
|
103
|
1400 (inner) 580 (outer)
[69]
|
2×
|
22
|
2.8
|
28
|
51
|
2800 (inner) 1160 (outer)
|
2.4×
|
27
|
3.3
|
24
|
43
|
3360 (inner) 1392 (outer)
|
2.6×
|
29
|
3.6
|
22
|
40
|
3640 (inner) 1508 (outer)
|
3×
|
33
|
4.1
|
19
|
34
|
4200 (inner) 2320 (outer)
|
4×
|
44
|
5.5
|
14
|
26
|
5600 (inner) 2900 (outer)
|
6×
|
67
|
8.3
|
9
|
17
|
8400 (inner) 3480 (outer)
|
8×
|
89
|
11.1
|
7
|
13
|
4640 (
CAV
; no longer uses pure CLV)
|
10×
|
111
|
13.9
|
6
|
10
|
5800
|
12×
|
133
|
16.6
|
5
|
9
|
6960
|
16×
|
177
|
22.2
|
4
|
6
|
9280
|
18×
|
199
|
24.9
|
3
|
6
|
10440
|
20×
|
222
|
27.7
|
3
|
5
|
11600
|
22×
|
244
|
30.5
|
3
|
5
|
12760
|
24×
|
266
|
33.2
|
2
|
4
|
13920
|
DVDs can spin at much higher speeds than CDs ? DVDs can spin at up to 32000
RPM
vs 23000 for CDs.
[72]
DVD recordable and rewritable discs can be read and written using either
constant angular velocity
(CAV),
constant linear velocity
(CLV),
Partial constant angular velocity
(P-CAV) or
Zoned Constant Linear Velocity
(Z-CLV or ZCLV).
[73]
Due to the slightly lower data density of
dual layer
DVDs (4.25 GB instead of 4.7 GB per layer), the required rotation speed is around 10% faster for the same data rate, which means that the same angular speed rating equals a 10% higher physical angular rotation speed. For that reason, the increase of reading speeds of dual layer media has stagnated at 12× (
constant angular velocity
) for
half-height
optical drives released since around 2005,
[g]
and
slim type optical drives
are only able to record dual layer media at 6× (constant angular velocity), while reading speeds of 8× are still supported by such.
[78]
[79]
[80]
Disc quality measurements
The quality and
data integrity
of optical media is measureable, which means that future data losses caused by
deteriorating media
can be predicted well in advance by measuring the rate of correctable data errors.
[81]
Support of measuring the disc quality varies among optical drive vendors and models.
[82]
[83]
DVD-Video
DVD-Video is a standard for distributing video/audio content on DVD media. The format went on sale in Japan on November 1, 1996,
[4]
in the United States on March 24, 1997, to line up with the
69th Academy Awards
that day;
[6]
in Canada, Central America, and Indonesia later in 1997; and in Europe,
[8]
Australia, and Africa in 1998. DVD-Video became the dominant form of home video distribution in Japan when it first went on sale on November 1, 1996, but it shared the market for home video distribution in the United States for several years; it was June 15, 2003, when weekly DVD-Video in the United States rentals began outnumbering weekly VHS cassette rentals.
[84]
DVD-Video is still the dominant form of home video distribution worldwide except for in Japan where it was surpassed by
Blu-ray Disc
when Blu-ray first went on sale in Japan on March 31, 2006.
[
citation needed
]
Security
The purpose of CSS is twofold:
- CSS prevents byte-for-byte copies of an
MPEG
(digital video) stream from being playable since such copies do not include the keys that are hidden on the lead-in area of the restricted DVD.
- CSS provides a reason for manufacturers to make their devices compliant with an industry-controlled standard, since CSS scrambled discs cannot in principle be played on noncompliant devices; anyone wishing to build compliant devices must obtain a license, which contains the requirement that the rest of the DRM system (
region codes
,
Macrovision
, and
user operation prohibition
) be implemented.
[85]
Successors and decline
In 2006, two new formats called
HD DVD
and
Blu-ray Disc
were released as the successor to DVD. HD DVD competed unsuccessfully with Blu-ray Disc in the
format war
of 2006?2008
. A dual layer HD DVD can store up to 30 GB and a dual layer Blu-ray disc can hold up to 50 GB.
[86]
[87]
However, unlike previous format changes, e.g., vinyl to Compact Disc or VHS videotape to DVD, initially there was no immediate indication that production of the standard DVD will gradually wind down, as at the beginning of the 2010s they still dominated, with around 75% of video sales and approximately one billion DVD player sales worldwide as of April 2011. In fact, experts claimed that the DVD will remain the dominant medium for at least another five years as Blu-ray technology was still in its introductory phase, write and read speeds being poor and necessary hardware being expensive and not readily available.
[88]
[89]
Consumers initially were also slow to adopt Blu-ray due to the cost.
[90]
By 2009, 85% of stores were selling Blu-ray Discs. A high-definition television and appropriate connection cables are also required to take advantage of Blu-ray disc. Some analysts suggested that the biggest obstacle to replacing DVD was due to its installed base; a large majority of consumers were satisfied with DVDs.
[91]
DVDs started to face competition from
video on demand
services around 2015.
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95]
With increasing numbers of homes having high speed Internet connections, many people had the option to either rent or buy video from an online service, and view it by streaming it directly from that service's servers, meaning they no longer need any form of permanent storage media for video at all. By 2017, digital streaming services had overtaken the sales of DVDs and Blu-rays for the first time.
[96]
Until the end of the 2010s, manufacturers continued to release standard DVD titles as of 2020
[update]
, and the format remained the preferred one for the release of older television programs and films. Shows that were shot and edited entirely on film, such as
Star Trek: The Original Series
, could not be released in high definition without being re-scanned from the original film recordings.
[97]
Shows that were made between the early 1980s and the early 2000s were generally shot on film, then transferred to video tape, and then edited natively in either NTSC or PAL, making high-definition transfers impossible as these SD standards were baked into the final cuts of the episodes.
Star Trek: The Next Generation
was the only such show that had a Blu-ray release, as prints were re-scanned and edited from the ground up.
[98]
By the beginning of the 2020s, sales of DVD had dropped 86% with respect to the peak of DVD sales around 2005, while on-demand sales and, overall,
subscription streaming
of TV shows and movies grew by over 1200%. At its peak DVD sales represented almost two thirds of video market in the US but only 15 years later, around 2020, they fell to only 10% of the market.
[99]
By 2022, there was an increased demand of high definition media, where
Ultra HD Blu-ray
and regular Blu-ray formats made up for almost half of the US market while sales of physical media continued to shrink in favor of streaming services.
[100]
Longevity
Longevity of a storage medium is measured by how long the data remains readable, assuming compatible devices exist that can read it: that is, how long the disc can be stored until data is lost. Numerous factors affect longevity: composition and quality of the media (recording and substrate layers), humidity and light storage conditions, the quality of the initial recording (which is sometimes a matter of mutual compatibility of media and recorder), etc.
[101]
According to
NIST
, "[a] temperature of 64.4?°F (18?°C) and 40% RH [Relative Humidity] would be considered suitable for long-term storage. A lower temperature and RH is recommended for extended-term storage."
[102]
As with CDs, the information and data storage will begin to degrade over time with most standard DVDs lasting up to 30 years depending on the type of environment they are stored and whether they are full with data.
[103]
According to the
Optical Storage Technology Association
(OSTA), "Manufacturers claim lifespans ranging from 30 to 100 years for DVD, DVD-R and DVD+R discs and up to 30 years for DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-RAM."
[104]
According to a NIST/
LoC
research project conducted in 2005?2007 using
accelerated life testing
, "There were fifteen DVD products tested, including five DVD-R, five DVD+R, two DVD-RW and three DVD+RW types. There were ninety samples tested for each product. ... Overall, seven of the products tested had estimated life expectancies in ambient conditions of more than 45 years. Four products had estimated life expectancies of 30?45 years in ambient storage conditions. Two products had an estimated life expectancy of 15?30 years and two products had estimated life expectancies of less than 15 years when stored in ambient conditions." The life expectancies for 95% survival estimated in this project by type of product are tabulated below:
[101]
[
dubious
?
discuss
]
Disc type
|
0?15 years
|
15?30 years
|
30?45 years
|
over 45 years
|
DVD-R
|
20%
|
20%
|
0%
|
60%
|
DVD+R
|
20%
|
0%
|
40%
|
40%
|
DVD-RW
|
0%
|
0%
|
50%
|
50%
|
DVD+RW
|
0%
|
33.3%
|
33.3%
|
33.3%
[101]
|
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DVD-R
DVD+R
DVD-RW
DVD+RW
- 0?15 years
- 15?30 years
- 30?45 years
- over 45 years
See also
Notes
- ^
1 GB is one billion bytes
- ^
The four titles being
The Fugitive
,
Blade Runner: Director's Cut
,
Eraser
, and
Assassins
.
- ^
These test markets were in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.
- ^
Three additional titles, including
GoldenEye
; are not listed in this article but are mentioned in other launch-day sources, most of which are dead links.
- ^
The write time is wildly optimistic for higher (>4x) write speeds, due to being calculated from the maximum drive write speed instead of the average drive write speed.
[
citation needed
]
- ^
Due to the data track circumference of 12cm discs being 2.4 times as long at the outer edge as at the innermost edge of the data area, a
constant angular velocity
number equals the physical rotation speed the disc has when accessed with the same
constant linear velocity
number at the outermost edge. This means that the listed CLV (constant linear velocity) speeds at the outer edge equal the same number of rotations per minute as the same CAV (constant angular velocity) rating number.
- ^
The first optical drive model from a major optical drive vendor that achieved ×12 speeds on DVD-ROM Dual Layer was the
Pioneer
DVR-107
(2004).
[74]
[75]
Later optical drives such as the
HL data storage
GSA-H10N
(2006)
[76]
have also achieved 12×(CAV) reading speeds on
recordable
dual-layer media (
DVD-R DL
,
DVD+R DL
), and
TSSTcorp
SH-S202/S203/TS-H653B
(2007) achieved writing speeds of 12×(CAV) and 16×(CAV) on
DVD-R DL
and
DVD+R DL
respectively, on quality media from selected vendors.
[77]
References
- ^
a
b
"DVD FLLC ? DVD Format Book"
.
Dvdfllc.co.jp
.
Archived
from the original on April 25, 2010
. Retrieved
October 28,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
"DVD FLLC ? DVD Format Book"
.
Dvdfllc.co.jp
.
Archived
from the original on February 2, 2010
. Retrieved
October 28,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
"BOOKS OVERVIEW"
.
Mpeg.org
.
Archived
from the original on May 1, 2010
. Retrieved
October 28,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
Taylor, Jim (March 21, 1997).
"DVD Frequently Asked Questions (with answers!)"
.
Video Discovery
. Archived from
the original
on March 29, 1997
. Retrieved
August 20,
2019
.
- ^
Johnson, Lawrence B. (September 7, 1997).
"For the DVD, Disney Magic May Be the Key"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on July 29, 2018
. Retrieved
May 25,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
c
Copeland, Jeff B. (March 23, 1997).
"Oscar Day Is Also DVD Day"
.
E! Online
. Archived from
the original
on April 11, 1997
. Retrieved
August 21,
2019
.
- ^
Staff (March 24, 1997).
"Creative Does DVD"
.
PC Gamer
. Archived from
the original
on February 18, 1998
. Retrieved
December 5,
2019
.
- ^
a
b
Andrews, Sam (March 28, 1998).
"DVD Gets 'Soft Launch' In Britain"
(PDF)
.
Billboard
. New York, NY
. Retrieved
November 26,
2023
.
- ^
Popular Mechanics
, June 1997, p. 69;
- ^
Jim Taylor,
DVD demystified
, McGraw Hill, 1998, 1st edition, p. 405
- ^
"CD/DVD comparison chart"
.
h71036.www7.hp.com
.
Archived
from the original on June 30, 2022
. Retrieved
January 26,
2022
.
- ^
Oxford English Dictionary
,
DVD
.
- ^
"DVD Primer"
. DVD Forum. September 6, 2000.
Archived
from the original on June 9, 2010
. Retrieved
December 14,
2013
.
- ^
"DVD Forum's Mission"
. DVD Forum. January 14, 2010.
Archived
from the original on May 10, 2014
. Retrieved
June 11,
2014
.
- ^
"DVD noun"
.
Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
.
Archived
from the original on March 6, 2023
. Retrieved
December 6,
2022
.
- ^
Super Video Compact Disc, A Technical Explanation
(PDF)
,
Philips
System Standards and Licensing, 1998, p.?2, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on May 28, 2008
, retrieved
February 13,
2008
- ^
"WCES: The Calm Before the Storm".
Next Generation
(3).
Imagine Media
: 18. March 1995.
- ^
a
b
"DVD Plagued by Double Standards".
Next Generation
(6).
Imagine Media
: 16?17. June 1995.
- ^
"Requirements for Future High-Capacity Compact-Disc Format Announced by Computer Industry Technical Group"
. Apple Computer. May 3, 1995. Archived from
the original
on December 2, 1998
. Retrieved
December 1,
2021
.
- ^
"Electronic Giants Battle On".
Next Generation
(11).
Imagine Media
: 19. November 1995.
- ^
Kees Schouhamer Immink
(1995).
"EFMPlus: The Coding Format of the MultiMedia Compact Disc"
.
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
. CE-41: 491?497.
A high-density alternative to EFM is described.
- ^
U.S. patent 5,696,505
, EFMPlus Patent, applied in DVD,
DVD±RW
,
SACD
- ^
"DVD: coming soon to your PC?".
Computer Shopper
.
16
(3): 189. March 1, 1996.
- ^
"Nokia Welcomes Single Standard for Next Generation High Density Optical Disc Format"
(Press release). Nokia. September 26, 1995. Archived from
the original
on December 20, 1996
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
"DVD Format Unification"
(Press release). Toshiba. December 8, 1995. Archived from
the original
on May 1, 1997
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
Souter, Gerry (2017) [1997].
"DVD: The Five-Inch Digital Video Disc"
.
Buying and Selling Multimedia Services
.
CRC Press
.
ISBN
978-1-136-13437-1
.
Archived
from the original on March 13, 2023
. Retrieved
April 11,
2020
.
- ^
"DVD Is Go!"
.
Japan Press Network
. January 17, 1996. Archived from
the original
on January 16, 1999
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
Elrich, David J. (July 11, 1996).
"DVD Introduction Announced"
.
E-Town News
. Archived from
the original
on February 13, 1997
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
"Matsushita Electronics to launch DVDs in November"
.
CNN
. August 31, 1996. Archived from
the original
on January 14, 2000
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
Elrich, David J. (November 19, 1996).
"Toshiba: DVD is here -- Almost"
.
E-Town News
. Archived from
the original
on January 16, 1999
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
Gerson, Bob (March 21, 1997).
"Warner's DVD Warning"
.
E-Town News
. Archived from
the original
on January 17, 1999
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
"DVD News for March 21"
.
Laserviews
. March 21, 1997. Archived from
the original
on February 6, 1998
. Retrieved
March 24,
2022
.
DVD announcements:
Now that we finally have ALL the information on the first 29 Warner, MGM and New Line DVD titles...
- ^
"Twister (1996) - Trivia"
.
IMDb
.
Archived
from the original on March 25, 2023
. Retrieved
August 9,
2023
.
[
better?source?needed
]
- ^
Bilzi, Jill (April 7, 1997).
"DVD Street Date Ignored"
.
E-Town News
. Archived from
the original
on January 16, 1999
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
"DVD Announcement"
(Press release). Warner Home Video. July 31, 1997. Archived from
the original
on February 19, 1999
. Retrieved
October 6,
2021
.
- ^
DTS Staff (November 5, 1997).
"Chat Transcript - Nov 5, 1997"
.
DTS
. Archived from
the original
on February 6, 1998
. Retrieved
March 24,
2022
.
- ^
"CES Report, 1998"
.
hometheaterhifi.com
.
Archived
from the original on January 3, 2023
. Retrieved
January 3,
2023
.
- ^
Practical Television, November 2001 issue
- ^
Calculated pound sterling inflation using
"Inflation calculator"
. Bank of England.
Archived
from the original on October 5, 2018
. Retrieved
July 21,
2022
.
15 pounds in 2001 to 2021 = 22.74 pounds, then calculated exchange rate using Google
- ^
Uhlig, Robert (November 22, 2004).
"DVD kills the video show as digital age takes over"
.
Telegraph.co.uk
.
Archived
from the original on February 16, 2018
. Retrieved
October 28,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
"DVD Game Consoles?".
Next Generation
. No.?18.
Imagine Media
. June 1996. p.?40.
- ^
"DVD Authoring ? What is DLT?"
.
HellmanProduction.com
.
Archived
from the original on September 24, 2019
. Retrieved
April 13,
2020
.
- ^
"DVD Authoring ? How to make a proper DVD master"
.
HellmanProduction.com
.
Archived
from the original on September 6, 2019
. Retrieved
April 13,
2020
.
- ^
Kidman, Alex (October 21, 2010).
"Toshiba 22DV615Y LCD TV/DVD Combo review"
.
CNET
.
Archived
from the original on July 16, 2020
. Retrieved
July 16,
2020
.
- ^
"DVD sales top VHS sales for first time"
.
San Jose Business Journal
. January 9, 2002.
Archived
from the original on January 21, 2022
. Retrieved
May 15,
2022
.
- ^
Rubin, Ross (November 5, 2007).
"Tech on Deck: The Decline of the DVD Player"
.
ABC News
.
Archived
from the original on May 15, 2022
. Retrieved
May 15,
2022
.
- ^
Watson, Stephanie (October 16, 2004).
"How Blu-ray Reads Data"
.
HowStuffWorks.com
.
Archived
from the original on December 20, 2019
. Retrieved
April 21,
2020
.
- ^
Watson, Stephanie (October 16, 2004).
"Building a Blu-ray Disc"
.
HowStuffWorks.com
.
Archived
from the original on January 15, 2020
. Retrieved
April 21,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
ISO
ISO Freely Available Standards
Archived
October 26, 2018, at the
Wayback Machine
, Retrieved on July 24, 2009
- ^
"Standard ECMA-267"
.
Ecma-international.org
.
Archived
from the original on May 22, 2013
. Retrieved
October 28,
2017
.
- ^
ISO
ISO/IEC 17344:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R format ? Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X)
Archived
April 29, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
, Retrieved on July 26, 2009
- ^
ISO
ISO/IEC 25434:2008, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +R DL format ? Capacity: 8,55 Gbytes and 2,66 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 16X)
Archived
April 29, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
, Retrieved on July 26, 2009
- ^
ISO
ISO/IEC 17341:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW format ? Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed up to 4X)
Archived
April 29, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
, Retrieved on July 26, 2009
- ^
ISO
ISO/IEC 26925:2009, Data interchange on 120 mm and 80 mm optical disc using +RW HS format ? Capacity: 4,7 Gbytes and 1,46 Gbytes per side (recording speed 8X)
Archived
April 29, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
, Retrieved on July 26, 2009
- ^
a
b
DVD FLLC (2009)
DVD Format Book
Archived
April 4, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine
, Retrieved on August 14, 2009
- ^
DVD FLLC (2009)
How To Obtain DVD Format/Logo License (2005?2009)
Archived
March 18, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine
, Retrieved on August 14, 2009
- ^
"DVD players benchmark"
. hometheaterhifi.com. Archived from
the original
on March 13, 2008
. Retrieved
April 1,
2008
.
- ^
DVD: The Death Knell of Laserdisc
, March 18, 2018,
archived
from the original on December 21, 2021
, retrieved
July 16,
2021
- ^
"DVD Studio Pro 4 User Manual"
.
documentation.apple.com
. Archived from
the original
on September 26, 2013
. Retrieved
October 28,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
"DVD-14"
. AfterDawn Ltd.
Archived
from the original on March 3, 2007
. Retrieved
February 6,
2007
.
- ^
Watson, James.
"The recordable DVD clinic"
.
The Register
.
Archived
from the original on July 21, 2017
. Retrieved
October 15,
2001
.
- ^
"DVD Media / DVD-R Media"
. Tape Resources. Archived from
the original
on July 27, 2011
. Retrieved
August 9,
2011
.
- ^
"DVDs"
(PDF)
. PDST Technology in Education. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on December 2, 2013
. Retrieved
January 22,
2017
.
- ^
"Understanding DVD - Disc Size, Configuration and Capacity"
.
www.osta.org
.
Archived
from the original on December 5, 2022
. Retrieved
January 3,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
DeMoulin, Robert.
"Understanding Dual Layer DVD Recording"
. BurnWorld.com.
Archived
from the original on April 21, 2010
. Retrieved
July 6,
2007
.
- ^
"DVD Book A: Physical parameters"
. Mpeg.org.
Archived
from the original on January 17, 2012
. Retrieved
August 22,
2009
.
- ^
"AVOS Companies ? OSFAL Group"
(PDF)
.
www.avos.eu
. Archived from
the original
on May 28, 2008.
- ^
a
b
Taylor, Jim.
"DVD Demystifed FAQ"
. Dvddemystified.com. Archived from
the original
on August 22, 2009
. Retrieved
August 22,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
"Understanding DVD -Recording Speed"
.
Optical Storage Technology Association
.
Archived
from the original on June 11, 2004
. Retrieved
August 9,
2011
.
- ^
Montilus, Clerbie (2003). Elert, Glenn (ed.).
"Angular speed of a DVD"
.
The Physics Factbook
.
Archived
from the original on May 28, 2019
. Retrieved
January 21,
2022
.
- ^
"DVD-ROM"
. August 8, 2003. Archived from
the original
on August 8, 2003.
- ^
"Life in the fast lane can be a disc-shattering experience"
.
The Sydney Morning Herald
. December 9, 2002.
Archived
from the original on October 3, 2020
. Retrieved
September 7,
2020
.
- ^
"Understanding DVD -Recording Speed"
.
Optical Storage Technology Association
.
Archived
from the original on June 11, 2004
. Retrieved
July 24,
2011
.
- ^
"DVR-107D, DVR-107BK General Specifications"
(PDF)
.
Pioneer Electronics
USA
. 2004.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on May 29, 2004
. Retrieved
July 31,
2020
.
- ^
Pioneer DVR-A06 brochure
Archived
October 19, 2020, at the
Wayback Machine
(2003)
- ^
"GSA-H10N, H10L, QSG-1008S (owner's manual)"
(PDF)
.
Hitachi-LG data storage
. September 1, 2006. p.?3. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on August 17, 2020
. Retrieved
August 17,
2020
.
- ^
"Super -writemaster DVD Writer SH-S203B(TS-H653B)/ SH-S203D(TS-H653D)"
(PDF)
(User manual) (in Korean).
Samsung Electronics
. 2007.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on August 7, 2020
. Retrieved
August 7,
2020
.
- ^
"View All Discontinued LG Burners & Drives"
.
LG USA
. Archived from
the original
on August 17, 2020
. Retrieved
August 11,
2020
.
- ^
"Manual"
.
Archived
from the original on September 4, 2018
. Retrieved
August 11,
2020
.
- ^
"Computer Drives"
.
Pioneer Electronics USA
.
Archived
from the original on July 15, 2021
. Retrieved
August 11,
2020
.
- ^
"QPxTool ? check the quality"
.
qpxtool.sourceforge.io
.
Archived
from the original on August 6, 2020
. Retrieved
July 30,
2020
.
- ^
"QPxTool glossary"
.
qpxtool.sourceforge.io
. QPxTool. August 1, 2008.
Archived
from the original on August 1, 2021
. Retrieved
July 22,
2020
.
- ^
"One DVD "DATA" Sector ? LightByte"
.
Archived
from the original on October 3, 2020
. Retrieved
July 30,
2020
.
- ^
Bakalis, Anna (June 20, 2003).
"It's unreel: DVD rentals overtake videocassettes"
.
The Washington Times
.
Archived
from the original on May 26, 2007.
- ^
"IEEE ? Copy Protection for DVD Video p.2"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on March 18, 2009.
- ^
"What is Blu-ray Disc?"
. Sony.
Archived
from the original on December 3, 2009
. Retrieved
November 25,
2008
.
- ^
"DVD FAQ: 3.13 ? What about the new HD formats?"
. September 21, 2008. Archived from
the original
on August 22, 2009
. Retrieved
November 25,
2008
.
- ^
"High-Definition Sales Far Behind Standard DVD's First Two Years"
. Movieweb.com. February 20, 2008. Archived from
the original
on September 14, 2008
. Retrieved
August 22,
2009
.
- ^
"Blu-ray takes 25% Market share"
. September 21, 2008.
Archived
from the original on June 23, 2011
. Retrieved
June 28,
2011
.
- ^
Martorana, Robert (November 4, 2009).
"Slow Blu-ray Adoption: A Threat to Hollywood's Bottom Line?"
. Seeking Alpha.
Archived
from the original on March 4, 2016
. Retrieved
August 9,
2011
.
- ^
"Gates And Ballmer On "Making The Transition"
"
.
BusinessWeek
. April 19, 2004. Archived from
the original
on August 26, 2009
. Retrieved
August 22,
2009
.
- ^
"Are DVDs becoming obsolete?"
.
Electronics.howstuffworks.com
. November 1, 2014.
Archived
from the original on April 5, 2015
. Retrieved
December 30,
2016
.
- ^
"Amazon.com: Customer Discussions: When will DVDs be obsolete?"
.
Amazon.com
.
Archived
from the original on March 5, 2016
. Retrieved
December 30,
2016
.
- ^
Romano, Nick (June 5, 2014).
"Is the DVD Becoming Obsolete?"
. ScreenCrush.
Archived
from the original on April 12, 2015
. Retrieved
December 30,
2016
.
- ^
"DVD Going The Way Of VHS In 2016 ? CINEMABLEND"
.
Cinemablend.com
. June 6, 2014.
Archived
from the original on April 12, 2015
. Retrieved
December 30,
2016
.
- ^
Sweney, Mark (January 5, 2017).
"Film and TV streaming and downloads overtake DVD sales for first time"
.
Theguardian.com
.
Archived
from the original on January 3, 2018
. Retrieved
October 28,
2017
.
- ^
"Kirk/Spock STAR TREK To Get All-New HD Spaceships"
.
Aintitcool.com
.
Archived
from the original on December 9, 2012
. Retrieved
August 22,
2009
.
- ^
Burt, Kayti (February 6, 2017).
"Star Trek: DS9 & Voyager HD Blu-Ray Will Likely Never Happen"
.
Den of Geek
.
Archived
from the original on October 17, 2018
. Retrieved
January 12,
2019
.
- ^
Witten, Sarah (November 8, 2019).
"The death of the DVD - Why sales fell more than 86 percent in 13 years"
.
CNBC
.
Archived
from the original on March 29, 2020
. Retrieved
March 15,
2023
.
- ^
Svetlik, Joe (July 27, 2022).
"DVD and Blu-ray sales continue to nosedive"
.
What Hi-Fi
.
Archived
from the original on March 15, 2023
. Retrieved
March 15,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
Final Report: NIST/Library of Congress (LC) Optical Disc Longevity Study
Archived
February 28, 2017, at the
Wayback Machine
, Loc.gov, September 2007 (table derived from figure 7)
- ^
Chang, Wo (August 21, 2007).
"NIST Digital Media Group: docs/disccare"
. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Archived
from the original on January 4, 2013
. Retrieved
December 18,
2013
.
- ^
"How Long Do CDs/DVDs Last? The Truth About Lifespan, Mold, and Rot"
. Makeuseof.com. July 14, 2021.
Archived
from the original on July 18, 2022
. Retrieved
July 19,
2022
.
- ^
"Understanding DVD ? Disc Longevity"
.
Osta.org
.
Archived
from the original on May 2, 2010
. Retrieved
October 28,
2017
.
Further reading
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
DVD
.