Following the
introduction of radio broadcasting
in the early 1920s, the
American Telephone and Telegraph Company
(AT&T) developed the first
radio network
, linking together individual stations with specially prepared long-distance
telephone lines
in what at the time was called a "chain". The key station was AT&T's
WEAF
(now WFAN) in
New York City
. The network featured a variety of regularly scheduled programs which included sponsorships (at the time not called advertising but "toll broadcasting").
[2]
From the beginning, AT&T planned to eventually expand nationwide, so that national companies would be able reach large portions of the nation with their brand names and slogans in an efficient manner. At first the network's expansion was slow. In 1924, the
Eveready Hour
was broadcast over 12 stations, primarily located in the
U.S. Northeast
.
Eveready Hour
was the first commercially
sponsored
variety show
in the history of broadcasting. By 1925, AT&T had linked together 26 stations in its network.
[3]
AT&T eventually decided to concentrate on its most profitable business, telephones, and in 1926 sold its broadcasting interests to the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). RCA's purchase included an agreement to lease AT&T phone lines.
[3]
In 1922 the
Radio Corporation of America
(RCA) followed AT&T's network model lead, and formed a small competing network centered on its New York City station,
WJZ
(now WABC). However, conflict resulted as RCA had a limited ability to lease lines from AT&T, and often had to use telegraph lines to connect stations, which had inferior acoustical properties.
[3]
After acquiring WEAF and AT&T's network assets in 1926, RCA created the
National Broadcasting Company
(NBC) and reorganized the WEAF chain (with
WGR
,
WTIC
,
WTAG
,
WEEI
,
WJAR
,
WZAN
,
WFI-WLIT
,
WCAE
,
WRC
,
WTAM
,
WSAI
,
WWJ
,
WGN
,
WOC
,
KSD
,
WDAF
,
WCCO
) as the
NBC Red
network and the WJZ chain as the
NBC Blue
network (with
WBZ
,
WBZA
,
KYW
,
KDKA)
. (One explanation for the color designations is that they reflected the red and blue push pins used on a map that AT&T originally used to designate the affiliated stations on the two networks.)
[2]
On 23 December 1928, NBC instituted the first permanent transcontinental network. As of September 1938, when there were 154 NBC outlets; 23 composed the basic Red network and 24 composed the basic Blue network. Supplementing these basic networks were 107 stations, of which one was available only to the basic Red network, six were available only to the basic Blue network, and the remainder available to either. NBC also had a chain of
shortwave stations
, called the "NBC White Network", in the 1930s.
In 1941, the
Federal Communications Commission
's (FCC)
Report on Chain Broadcasting
[4]
reviewed the alleged monopolistic practices of the radio networks. The FCC was concerned NBC Red and NBC Blue were anti-competitive. Because the FCC did not have the power to directly regulate networks, it decided to enact regulations affecting the stations, and adopted standards intended to force NBC to relinquish one of its networks. In 1943, the Supreme Court upheld the FCC's power to enforce its chain broadcasting regulations.
[5]
[6]
As a consequence, NBC Blue was sold to
Edward Noble
who later named it the
American Broadcasting Company
(ABC).
[5]
After NBC Blue was divested the remaining NBC Red network was renamed the NBC Radio Network.
[2]
In 1927, United Independent Broadcasters, Inc., supported by the
Columbia Phonograph Record Company
, started a new network of 16 stations (
WOR
New York,
WFBL
Syracuse,
WMAK
Buffalo-Lockport,
WNAC
Boston,
WEAN
Providence,
WCAU
Philadelphia,
WJAS
Pittsburgh,
WCAO
Baltimore,
WADC
Akron,
WAIU
Columbus,
WKRC
Cincinnati,
WGHP
Detroit,
WOWO
Fort Wayne,
WMAQ
Chicago,
KMOX
St. Louis,
KOIL
Council Bluffs) named the
Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System
.
In 1928
William S. Paley
assumed control of the network, which under his leadership focused on entertainment programming, news, and news affiliation. He quickly turned the failing company around, which was named Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (
CBS
) in 1929. By the end of 1938 there were 113 CBS outlets. Regional networks on CBS also existed in various parts of the country.
[3]
CBS later hired
Edward R. Murrow
who is credited with boosting ratings dramatically. Murrow and CBS covered the war in Europe while
Adolf Hitler
was in power. NBC and ABC withdrew from the war for safety reasons. As a result of taking the risk, CBS's ratings skyrocketed.
[7]
In 1945, the NBC Blue network was sold to
Edward John Noble
, who later renamed it
American Broadcasting Company
(ABC).
[5]
By the mid-1940s broadcasting had become a
big Three television networks
battle. ABC almost went
bankrupt
and in 1951
Leonard Goldenson
and
United Paramount Theaters
bought the network for $25 million. In 1964, ABC won the ratings race in the fifty largest U.S. markets. In the 1970?71 season, ABC ranked #1 in the
Nielsen ratings
with a
medical drama
called
Marcus Welby, M.D.
,
[8]
the first ABC
television show
to top the list.
In 1929, a group of four radio stations in the major markets of New York City, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit organized into a loose confederation known as the Quality Network. In 1934 this was reorganized as the Mutual Broadcasting System. The network was organized with the members contracting for telephone-line transmission facilities and agreeing to collectively enter into contracts with advertisers for their networked shows.
Radio news network launched on January 1, 2015, and operated by
Westwood One
through its parent company
Cumulus Media
.
[9]