William N. Fenton
(December 15, 1908 ? June 17, 2005) was an American scholar and writer known for his extensive studies of
Iroquois
history and culture. He started his studies of the Iroquois in the 1930s and published a number of significant works over the following decades.
[1]
His final work was published in 2002. During his career, Fenton was director of the
New York State Museum
and a professor of anthropology at the
State University of New York
.
[2]
Early career (1908?1955)
edit
Fenton was born William Nelson Fenton in
New Rochelle, New York
, in 1908.
[2]
The Fenton family had had interactions with the
Seneca people
since the 1860s.
[3]
He grew up in the west of
New York State
, where the Seneca had their traditional territory. After attending local schools, he studied at
Dartmouth College
, where he graduated in 1931.
[2]
He went on for graduate study and earned a doctorate in anthropology from
Yale University
in 1937.
[1]
(From 1935 until he received his doctorate in 1937, Fenton was also a community worker for the New York Indian Service. He mainly worked on the
Tonawanda Reservation
).
[3]
[4]
During the 1930s, Fenton lived among the Seneca in
western New York
, becoming fluent in their
language
and doing field studies.
[5]
The Seneca nation adopted Fenton into the Hawk
clan
on January 26, 1934. This was the same clan that had adopted
Lewis Henry Morgan
.
[6]
Fenton soon became known as a leader of studies of the Iroquois.
[1]
Fenton wrote a number of position papers during the 1940s and 1950s that outlined problems and issues relating to Iroquois studies which required further work. He encouraged other students of the Iroquois to meet and discuss issues of concern in the field, notably in meetings at Red House in New York.
[3]
Fenton focused attention on such issues as diversity in culture and connections between northern and southern tribes.
In his work as an ethnologist with the
Smithsonian Institution
's Bureau of American Ethnology, Fenton drew attention to existing historic and ethnographic sources. During the 1930s and 1940s, Fenton undertook substantial studies of Iroquois music and dance while working at the Smithsonian.
[1]
It has been noted that Fenton's career saw profound changes in anthropological methods and how research was perceived, with "the patron-client relationships of anthropologist and "informant" ... greeted with increasing suspicion by young Iroquois after the 1950s".
[1]
Furthermore, Fenton's classic work was carried out when "...Iroquois ceremonialists were worried about the potential loss of their knowledge and delighted in having someone who wanted to listen and to record it".
[1]
Later career (1956?2005)
edit
After becoming senior ethnologist at the Smithsonian Institution in the 1950s, and then serving as executive secretary for anthropology and psychology at the
National Research Council
, he went to work at the
New York State Museum
at Albany in 1954.
[2]
Becoming director, he developed an extensive collection of Iroquois materials. Some tribal representatives criticized Fenton for failing to return artifacts. He regarded museums as necessary safeguards for cultural heritage.
[7]
Some tribal leaders also criticized him for revealing too much material about sacred rituals.
[1]
[8]
Fenton chaired the Committee on Anthropological Research in Museums (CARM) from 1965 to 1973, during the majority of its life. CARM, a subcommittee of the
American Anthropological Association
, encouraged scholarly use of museums and museum collections in anthropological research. CARM also encouraged the early use of computers in documenting and inventorying museums collections across North America. In 1965 Fenton was awarded the
Cornplanter Medal
.
[9]
Fenton left the New York State Museum to become Professor of Anthropology at the
State University of New York at Albany
. He worked there until his retirement in 1979.
[1]
He remained active in continued research and writing about the Iroquois. He published
The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois
in 1998 when he was nearly 90.
[10]
He died on June 17, 2005, in
Cooperstown, New York
, at the age of 96, on the way to the hospital.
Fenton served as President of a number of academic societies: the
American Folklore Society
(1959-1960), the
American Ethnological Society
(1959), and the American Society for Ethnohistory (1961).
He was also a member of a number of committees, including the Phillips Fund Committee of the American Philosophical Society (1975-1991) and of the American Committee of the Permanent Council of the International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (1952-1972).
[4]
Fenton wrote extensively on Iroquois ethnology, historiography, the history of anthropology, and museum anthropology for several decades. Some of his works include:
- Fenton, William N (1936).
An outline of Seneca ceremonies at Coldspring longhouse
. New Haven; London: Yale University Press?; Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press.
OCLC
?898849862.
- Fenton, William N. (1940), "Problems Arising from the Historic Northeastern Position of the Iroquois", in Julian H. Steward (ed.),
Essays in Historical Anthropology of North America
, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 100, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp.?159?252
- Fenton, William N. (1942), "Contacts between Iroquois herbalism and colonial medicine",
Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1941
, Washington, DC, pp.?503?526,
ISBN
0-8466-4032-5
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- Fenton, William N. (1942),
Songs from the Iroquois longhouse: from the Archive of the American Folk Song
(in Iroquoian), Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Division of Music, Recording Laboratory, 1942,
OCLC
?977773150, retrieved March 3, 2022
- William N. Fenton, ed. (1951),
Symposium on Local Diversity in Iroquois Culture
, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 149, Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office; Smithsonian Institution
- Fenton, William N. (1952).
"The Training of Historical Ethnologists in America"
.
American Anthropologist
.
54
(3): 328?339.
doi
:
10.1525/aa.1952.54.3.02a00040
.
ISSN
0002-7294
.
JSTOR
664070
.
- Fenton, William N. (1980).
The roll call of the Iroquois chiefs?: [a study of a mnemonic cane from the Six Nations Reserve
. New York: AMS Press.
ISBN
0-404-15536-7
.
OCLC
5941046
.
- Fenton, William Nelson (1953).
The Iroquois Eagle Dance, an offshoot of the Calumet Dance
. Washington: Governm. Print. Office.
OCLC
600386008
.
- Fenton, William N. (1960), "The Museum and Anthropological Research",
Curator
,
3
(4): 327?355,
doi
:
10.1111/j.2151-6952.1960.tb01697.x
- Fenton, William N. (1962), "Ethnohistory and Its Problems",
Ethnohistory
,
9
(1): 1?23,
doi
:
10.2307/480783
,
ISSN
0014-1801
,
JSTOR
480783
- Fenton, William N. (1966), "Field Work, Museum Studies, and Ethnohistorical Research",
Ethnohistory
,
13
(1/2): 71?85,
ISSN
0014-1801
,
JSTOR
480779
- Fenton, William N. (1974), "The Advancement of Material Culture Studies in Modern Anthropological Research", in Miles Richardson (ed.),
The Human Mirror: Material and Spatial Images of Man
, Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, pp.?15?36
- Fenton, William N. (1979), "Cherokee-Iroquois Connections Revisited",
Journal of Cherokee Studies
,
3
(4): 239?249
- Fenton, William N. (1986), "Sapir as Museologist and Research Director, 1910?1925", in William Cowan; Michael K. Foster; E. F. K. Koerner (eds.),
New Perspectives in Language, Culture, and Personality
, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp.?215?240
- Fenton, William N. (1987),
The False Faces of the Iroquois
, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press,
ISBN
0-8061-2039-8
- Fenton, William N. (1998),
The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy
, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press,
ISBN
0-8061-2039-8
- Fenton, William N. (2002),
The Little Water Medicine Society of the Seneca
, Norman, OK: Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press,
ISBN
0-8061-3447-X
- Fenton, William N. (2007),
Iroquois Journey ? An Anthropologist Remembers
(posthumous?ed.), Norman, OK: University of Nebraska Press,
ISBN
978-0-8032-2021-8
- George Heron
- Dean R. Snow
, known archeologist of the Iroquois Indian nations and other indigenous peoples of north-east America.
- ^
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g
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Darnell, Regna (2007).
"William N. Fenton (1908-2005)"
.
The Journal of American Folklore
.
120
(475): 73?75.
doi
:
10.1353/jaf.2007.0007
.
ISSN
0021-8715
.
JSTOR
4137864
.
S2CID
161125773
.
- ^
a
b
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d
"William Fenton Dies at 96 | Savage Minds"
. 22 June 2005
. Retrieved
2022-03-03
.
- ^
a
b
c
Campisi, Jack; Starna, William A. (2006).
"William Nelson Fenton (1908-2005)"
.
American Anthropologist
.
108
(2): 456?458.
doi
:
10.1525/aa.2006.108.2.456
.
ISSN
0002-7294
.
JSTOR
3804859
.
- ^
a
b
"William N. Fenton Papers - Background Note"
.
American Philosophical Society Library
.
- ^
"William N. Fenton, 96, Expert on Iroquois, Is Dead"
.
The New York Times
. Associated Press. 2005-06-23.
ISSN
0362-4331
. Retrieved
2022-03-04
.
- ^
Fenton, William N. (2001). "He-Lost-a-Bet (Howan?neyao) of the Seneca Hawk Clan.". In Kan, Sergei (ed.).
Strangers to Relatives: The Adoption and Naming of Anthropologists in Native North America
. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp.?81?98.
- ^
"William Fenton; scholar in Iroquois culture - The Boston Globe"
.
archive.boston.com
. Retrieved
2022-03-04
.
- ^
"Gale - Institution Finder"
.
galeapps.gale.com
. Retrieved
2022-03-04
.
- ^
Fenton, William N.
(April 1980). "Frederick Starr, Jesse Cornplanter and the Cornplanter Medal for Iroquois Research".
New York History
.
26
(2). New York State Historical Association: 186?199.
JSTOR
23169465
.
- ^
"MSS 295, William Fenton Research Collection"
(PDF)
.
archive.ph
. 2012-12-09. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2012-12-09
. Retrieved
2022-03-03
.