Aaby B. 1976. Cyclic climatic variations in climate over the past 5500 years reflected in raised bogs. Nature 263: 281?284.
Google Scholar
Andersen S.Th. 1965. Mounting media and mounting techniques. In: Kummel B. and Raup D. (eds), Handbook of Paleontological Techniques, Freeman and Co., San Francisco, pp. 587?598.
Google Scholar
Andersen S.Th. 1979. Identification of wild grasses and cereal pollen. Danmarks Geologiske Undersogelse Arbog 1978: 69?92.
Andrew R. 1984. A practical pollen guide to the British Flora. Quaternary Research Association Technical Guide No. 1, QRA, Cambridge, 139 pp.
Google Scholar
Baillie M.G.L. 1991. Suck in and smear: two related chronological problems for the 90s. J. Theor. Arch. 2: 12?16.
Google Scholar
Bailey J. and Culley G. 1805. General View of the Agriculture of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland Frank Graham, Newcastle upon Tyne (1972 facsimile of 3rd edn) 1805), 361 pp.
Barber K.E. 1976. History of the vegetation. In: Chapman S.B. (ed.), Methods in Plant Ecology, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 5?83.
Google Scholar
Barber K.E. 1981. Peat Stratigraphy and Climatic Change. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 219 pp.
Google Scholar
Barber K.E., Chambers F.M., Maddy D., Stoneman R.E. and Brew J.S. 1994. A sensitive high-resolution record of Late Holocene climatic change from a raised bog in Northern England. The Holocene 4: 198?205.
Google Scholar
Barber K.E., Dumayne-Peaty L., Hughes P.D.M., Mauquoy D. and Scaife R.G. 1998. Replicability and variability of the recent macrofossil and proxy-climate record from raised bogs: field stratigraphy and macrofossil data from Bolton Fell Moss and Walton Moss, Cumbria, England. J. Quat. Sci. 13: 515?528.
Article
Google Scholar
Barrow E., Hulme M. and Jiang T. 1993. A 1961-90 Baseline and Future Climate Change Scenarios for Great Britain and Europe. Part I: 1961-90 Great Britain Baseline Climatology. Climatic Research Unit, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, England, 50 pp.
Google Scholar
Battarbee R.W. 2000. Palaeolimnological approaches to climate change, with special regard to the biological record. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19: 107?124.
Article
Google Scholar
Battarbee R.W., Cameron N.G., Golding P., Brooks S.J., Switsur R., Harkness D., Appelby P., Oldfield F., Thompson R., Monteith D.T. and McGovern A. 2001. Evidence for Holocene climate variability from the sediments of a Scottish remote mountain lake. J. Quat. Sci. 16: 339?346.
Article
Google Scholar
Battarbee R.W., Grytnes J.-A., Thompson R., Appleby P.G., Catalan J., Korhola A., Birks H.J.B., Heegaard E. and Lami A. 2002. Comparing palaeolimnological and instrumental evidence of climate change for remote mountain lakes over the last 200 years. J. Paleolim. 28: 161?179.
Article
Google Scholar
Bennett K.D., Whittington G. and Edwards K.J. 1994. Recent plant nomenclatural changes and pollen morphology in the British Isles. Quat. Newslett. 73: 1?6.
Google Scholar
Bigler C., Larocque I., Peglar S.M., Birks H.J.B. and Hall R.I. 2002. Quantitative multiproxy assessment of long-term patterns of Holocene environmental change from a small lake near Abisko, northern Sweden. The Holocene 12: 481?496.
Article
Google Scholar
Birks H.J.B. 1995. Quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. In: Maddy D. and Brew J.S. (eds), Statistical Modelling of Quaternary Science Data, QRA Technical Guide, vol. 5, pp. 161?254.
Birks H.J.B. 1998. Numerical tools in palaeolimnology ? progress, potentialities, and problems. J. Paleolim. 20: 307?332.
Article
Google Scholar
Birks H.J.B. and Gordon A.D. 1985. Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis. Academic Press Inc., London, 317 pp.
Google Scholar
Birks H.H., Battarbee R.W. and Birks H.J.B. 2000. The development of the aquatic ecosystem at Krakenes Lake, western Norway, during the late glacial and early Holocene ? a synthesis. J. Palcolim. 23: 91?114.
Article
Google Scholar
Bond G., Showers W., Cheseby M., Lotti R., Almasi P., deMenocal P., Priore P., Cullen H., Hajdas I. and Bonani G. 1997. A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science 278: 1257?1266.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Brodersen K.P. and Lindegaard C. 1999. Classification, assessment and trophic reconstruction of Danish lakes using chironomids. Freshw. Biol. 42: 143?157.
Article
Google Scholar
Brodin Y.-W. 1986. The postglacial history of Lake Flarken, southern Sweden, interpreted from subfossil insect remains. Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 71: 371?432.
Google Scholar
Brodin Y.-W. and Gransberg M. 1993. Responses of insects, especially Chironomidae (Diptera), and mites to 130 years of acidification in a Scottish lake. Hydrobiology 250: 201?212.
Google Scholar
Brooks S.J. 2000. Late-glacial fossil midge stratigraphies (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Swiss Alps. Palacogeo. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 159: 261?279.
Article
Google Scholar
Brooks S.J. 2003. Chironomid analysis to interpret and quantify Holocene climate change. In: Mackay A.W., Battarbee R.W., Birks H.J.B. and Oldfield F. (eds), Global Change in the Holocene, Arnold, London, pp. 328?341.
Google Scholar
Brooks S.J. and Birks H.J.B. 2000. Chironomid-inferred late-glacial and early-Holocene mean July air temperatures for Krakenes Lake, western Norway. J. Paleolim. 23: 77?89.
Article
Google Scholar
Brooks S.J. and Birks H.J.B. 2001a. Chironomid-inferred Lateglacial air temperatures at Whitrig Bog, southeast Scotland. J. Quat. Sci. 15: 759?764.
Article
Google Scholar
Brooks S.J. and Birks H.J.B. 2001b. Chironomid-inferred air temperatures from late-glacial and Holocene sites in northwest Europe: progress and problems. Quat. Sci. Rev. 20: 1723?1741.
Article
Google Scholar
Brooks S.J., Bennion H. and Birks H.J.B. 2001. Tracing lake trophic history with a chironomid-total phosphorus inference model. Freshw. Biol. 46: 513?533.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Carter C.E. 1977. The recent history of the chironomid fauna of Lough Neagh from the analysis of remains in sediment cores. Freshw. Biol. 7: 415?423.
Google Scholar
Chambers C. 1978. A radiocarbon-dated pollen diagram from Valley Bog, on the Moor House National Nature Reserve. New Phytologist 80: 435?453.
Google Scholar
Cranston P.S. 1982. A key to the larvae of the British Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae). Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, 152 pp.
Dark K.R. and Dark S.P. 1996. New archaeological and palynological evidence for a sub-Roman reoccupation of Hadrian’s Wall. Archaelogica Aeliana 5 Series 24: 57?72.
Google Scholar
Dark K. and Dark P. 1997. The Landscape of Roman Britain. Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud, 192 pp.
Google Scholar
Dark P. 2000. The Environment of Britain in the First Millennium AD. Ducksworth, London, 240 pp.
Google Scholar
Davies G. and Turner J. 1979. Pollen diagrams from Northumberland. New Phytologist 82: 783?804.
Google Scholar
Dickson C. 1988. Distinguishing cereal from wild grass pollen: some limitations. Circaea 5: 67?71.
Google Scholar
Donaldson A.M. and Turner J. 1977. A pollen diagram from Hallowell Moss, near Durham City, UK. J. Biogeogr. 4: 25?33.
Google Scholar
Dumayne L. and Barber K.E. 1994. The impact of the Romans on the environment of northern England: pollen data from three sites close to Hadrian’s Wall. The Holocene 4: 165?173.
Google Scholar
Dumayne-Peaty L. and Barber K.E. 1998. Late Holocene vegetational history, human impact and pollen representativity variations in northern Cumbria, England. J. Quat. Sci. 13: 147?164.
Article
Google Scholar
Edwards K.J. 1989. The cereal pollen record and early agriculture. In: Milles A., Williams D. and Gardner N. (eds), The Beginnings of Agriculture, BAR International Series, vol. 496, pp. 113?135.
Edwards K.J. and Whittington G. 2001. Lake sediments, erosion and landscape change during the Holocene in Britain and Ireland. Catena 42: 143?173.
Article
Google Scholar
Faegri K. and Iversen J. 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis, 4th edn. John Wiley and Sons, 328 pp.
Fowler P.J. 1983. The Farming of Prehistoric Britain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 256 pp.
Google Scholar
Francis D.R. and Foster D.R. 2001. Response of small New England ponds to historic land use. The Holocene 11: 301?312.
Article
Google Scholar
Grimm E.C. 1991. TILIA and TILIA.GRAPH. Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
Google Scholar
Hann B.J., Warner B.G. and Warwick W.F. 1992. Aquatic invertebrates and climate change: a comment on Walker et al. 1991. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 49: 1274?1276.
Google Scholar
Heinrichs M.L., Walker I.R. and Mathewes R.W. 2001. Chironomid-based paleosalinity records in southern British Columbia, Canada: a comparison of transfer functions. J. Paleolim. 26: 147?159.
Article
Google Scholar
Heiri O. and Lotter A.F. 2001. Effects of low count sums on quantitative environmental reconstructions: an example using subfossil chironomids. J. Paleolim. 26: 343?350.
Article
Google Scholar
Heiri O., Lotter A.F. and Lemcke G. 2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. J. Paleolim. 25: 101?110.
Article
Google Scholar
Heiri O., Lotter A.F., Hausmann S. and Kienast F. 2003. A chironomid-based Holocene summer air temperature reconstruction from the Swiss Alps. The Holocene 13: 477?484.
Article
Google Scholar
Higham N.J. 1986. The Northern Counties to 1000 AD. Longman, London.
Google Scholar
Hofmann W. 1971. Zur Taxonomie und Palokologie subfossiler Chironomiden (Dipt.) in Seesedimenten. Ergebnisse der Limnologie, Archiv fur Hydrobiologie Beiheft (International Vereinigung fur theoretische und angewandte Limnologie, Stuttgart) 6: 1?50.
Google Scholar
Hofmann W. 1984. Stratigraphie suubfossiler cladocera (Crustacea) und Chironomidae (Diptera) in zwei sediment-profilen des Meerfelder Maares. Cour. Forsch. Inst. Senckenberg 65: 67?80.
Google Scholar
Hughes E. 1965. North Country Life in the Eighteenth Century: Cumberland and Westmoreland 1700?1830, vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 426 pp.
Google Scholar
Hughes P.D.M., Mauquoy D., Barber K.E. and Langdon P.G. 2000. Mire development pathways and palaeoclimatic records from a full Holocene peat archive at Walton Moss, Cumbria, England. The Holocene 10: 465?479.
Article
Google Scholar
Jackson S.T. 1990. Pollen source area and representation in small lakes of the northeastern United States. Rev. Palaeobot, Palynol. 63: 53?76.
Google Scholar
Jacobsen G.L.Jr. and Bradshaw R.H.W. 1981. The selection of sites for palaeovegetational studies. Quat. Res. 16: 80?89.
Article
Google Scholar
Jones R.T., Marshall J.D., Crowley S.F., Bedford A., Richardson N., Bloemendal J. and Oldfield F. 2002. A high resolution, multiproxy late-glacial record of climate change and intrasystem responses in northwest England. J. Quat. Sci. 17: 329?340.
Article
Google Scholar
Korhola A., Vasko K., Toivonen H.T.T. and Olander H. 2002. Holocene temperature changes in northern Fennoscandia reconstructed from chironomids using Bayesian modelling. Quat. Sci. Rev. 21: 1841?1860.
Article
Google Scholar
Langdon P.G., Barber K.E. and Hughes P.D.M. 2003. A 7500 year peat-based palaeoclimatic reconstruction and evidence for an 1100 year cyclicity in bog surface wetness from Temple Hill Moss, Pentland Hills, Southeast Scotland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 22: 259?274.
Article
Google Scholar
Larocque I., Hall R.I. and Grahn E. 2001. Chironomids as indicators of climate change: a 100-lake training set from a subarctic region of northern Sweden (Lapland). J. Paleolim. 26: 307?322.
Article
Google Scholar
Larocque I. and Hall R.I. 2003. Chironomids as quantitative indicators of mean July air temperature: validation by comparison with century-long meteorological records from northern Sweden. J. Paleolim. 29: 475?493.
Article
Google Scholar
Lindegaard C. 1997. Diptera Chironomidae, non-biting midges. In: Nilsson A.M. (ed.), Aquatic Insects of North Europe ? a Taxonomic Handbook, vol. 2, Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 265?294.
Lotter A.F., Birks H.J.B., Hofmann W. and Marchetto A. 1997. Modern diatom, cladocera, chironomid, and chrysophyte cyst assemblages as quantitative indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental change in the Alps. 1. Climate. J. Paleolim. 18: 395?420.
Article
Google Scholar
Lotter A.F., Walker I.R., Brooks S.J. and Hofmann W. 1999. title-child〉An intercontinental comparison of chironomid palaeotemperature inference models: Europe vs North America. Quat. Sci. Rev. 18: 717?735.
Article
Google Scholar
Mauquoy D. and Barber K.E. 1999. A replicated 3000 year proxy-climate record from Coom Rigg Moss and Felecia Moss, the Border Mires, northern England. J. Quat. Sci. 14: 263?275.
Article
Google Scholar
Mauquoy D., van Geel B., Blaauw M. and van der Plicht J. 2002. Evidence from North-West European bogs shows ‘Little Ice Age’ climatic changes driven by changes in solar activity. The Holocene 12: 1?6.
Article
Google Scholar
Moore P.D. and Webb J.A. 1978. An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis. Hodder and Stoughton, London, 133 pp.
Google Scholar
Moore P.D., Webb J.A. and Collinson M.E. 1991. Pollen Analysis, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 216 pp.
Google Scholar
Morriss S.H. 2001. Recent human impact and land use change in Britain and Ireland: a pollen analytical and geochemical study. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Southampton, UK, 320 pp.
Olander H., Birks H.J.B., Korhola A. and Blom T. 1999. An expanded calibration model for inferring lakewater and air temperatures from fossil chironomid assemblages in northern Fennoscandia. The Holocene 9: 279?294.
Article
Google Scholar
Oliver D.R. and Roussel M.E. 1983. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 11: the genera of larval midges of Canada. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 263 pp.
Google Scholar
Palmer S.L., Walker I.R., Heinrichs M.L., Hebda R. and Scudder G. 2002. Postglacial midge community change and Holocene palaeotemperature reconstructions near treeline, southern British Columbia (Canada). J. Paleolim. 28: 469?490.
Article
Google Scholar
Pellat M.G., Smith M.J., Mathewes R.W., Walker I.R. and Palmer S.L. 2000. Holocene treeline and climate change in the Subalpine Zone near Stoyoma Mountain, Cascade Mountains, south-western British Columbia, Canada. Arc. Antarc. Alp. Res. 32: 73?83.
Google Scholar
Pinder L.C.V. and Morley D.J. 1995. Chironomidae as indicators of water quality ? with a comparison of the chironomid faunas of a series of contrasting Cumbrian tarns. In: Harrington R. and Stork N.E. (eds), Insects in a Changing Environment, Academic Press, London, pp. 271?293.
Google Scholar
Porinchu D.F. and Cwynar L. 2002. Late-Quaternary history of midge communities and climate from a tundra site near the lower Lena River, Northeast Siberia. J. Paleolim. 27: 59?69.
Article
Google Scholar
Praglowski J. 1970. The effects of pre-treatment and the embedding media on the shape of pollen grains. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 110: 203?208.
Article
Google Scholar
Quinlan R., Smol J.P. and Hall R.I. 1998. Quantitative inferences of past hypolimnetic anoxia in south-central Ontario lakes using fossil midges (Diptera: Chironomidae). Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 55: 587?596.
Article
Google Scholar
Quinlan R. and Smol J.P. 2001. Setting minimum head capsule abundance and taxa deletion criteria in chironomid-based inference models. J. Paleolim. 26: 327?342.
Article
Google Scholar
Quinlan R. and Smol J.P. 2002. Chironomid-based inference models for estimating end-of summer hypolimnetic oxygen from south-central Ontario lakes. Freshw. Biol. 46: 1529?1551.
Article
Google Scholar
Rieradevall M. and Brooks S.J. 2001. An identification guide to subfossil Tanypodinae larvae (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) based on cephalic setation. J. Paleolim. 25: 81?99.
Article
Google Scholar
Roberts B.K., Turner J. and Ward P.F. 1973. Recent forest history and land-use in Weardale, northern England. In: Birks H.J.B. and West R.G. (eds), Quaternary Plant Ecology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, pp. 207?221.
Google Scholar
Rosen P., Segerstrom U., Eriksson L., Renberg I. and Birks H.J.B. 2001. Climate change during the Holocene as recorded by diatoms, chironomids, pollen and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in a sediment core from an alpine lake (Sjuodijaure) in northern Sweden. The Holocene 11: 551?562.
Article
Google Scholar
Sadler J.P. and Jones J.C. 1997. Chironomids as indicators of Holocene environmental change in the British Isles. Quat. Proc. 5: 219?232.
Google Scholar
Seppa H., Nyman M., Korhola A. and Weckstrom J. 2002. Changes of treelines and alpine vegetation in relation to post-glacial climate dynamics in northern Fennoscandia based on pollen and chironomid records. J. Quat. Sci. 17: 287?301.
Article
Google Scholar
Smol J.P., Birks H.J.B. and Last W.M. (eds), 2001a. Tracking Environmental Changes using Lake Sediments, Volume 3 ? Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 371 pp.
Smol J.P., Birks H.J.B. and Last W.M. (eds), 2001b. Tracking Environmental Changes using Lake Sediments, Volume 4 ? Zoological Indicators. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 217 pp.
Stace J. 1991. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1130 pp.
Google Scholar
Stuiver M., Reimer P.J., Bard E., Beck J.W., Burr G.S., Hughen K.A., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., van der Plicht J. and Spurk M. 1998. INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP. Radiocarbon 40: 1041?1083.
CAS
Google Scholar
ter Braak C.J.F. 1991. Program CANOCO Version 3.12. Agricultural Mathematics Group: Wageningen, The Netherlands, 35 pp.
Google Scholar
Tinner W., Conedera M., Ammann B., Gaggeler H.W., Gedye S., Jones R. and Sagesser B. 1998. Pollen and charcoal in lake sediments compared with historically documented forest fires is southern Switzerland since AD 1920. The Holocene 8: 31?42.
Article
Google Scholar
Turner J. 1979. The environment of northeast England during Roman times as shown by Pollen Analysis. J. Arch. Sci. 6: 285?290.
Article
Google Scholar
van Geel B., Buurman J. and Waterbolk H.T. 1996. Archaeological and palaeoecological indications of an abrupt climate change in The Netherlands, and evidence for climatological teleconnections around 2650 BP. J. Quat. Sci. 11: 451?460.
Article
Google Scholar
Walker I.R. 2001. Midges: Chironomidae and related Diptera. In: Smol J.P., Birks H.J.B. and Last W.M. (eds), Tracking Environmental Changes using Lake Sediments, Volume 4 ? Zoological Indicators, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 43?66.
Walker I.R., Smol J.P., Engstrom D.R. and Birks H.J.B. 1991. An assessment of Chironomidae as quantitative indicators of past climatic change. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 48: 975?987.
Google Scholar
Walker I.R., Smol J.P., Engstrom D.R. and Birks H.J.B. 1992. Aquatic invertebrates, climate, scale, and statistical hypotheses testing: a response to Hann, Warner and Warwick. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 49: 1276?1280.
Google Scholar
Walker I.R., Levesque A.J., Cwynar L.C. and Lotter A.F. 1997. An expanded surface-water palaeotemperature inference model for use with fossil midges from eastern Canada. J. Paleolim. 18: 165?178.
Article
Google Scholar
Wiederholm T. (ed.) 1983. Chironomidae of the Holartic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 1. Larvae. Entomol. Scand. Suppl. 19: 1?457.
Winchester A.J.L. 1987. The Farming Landscape. In: Rollinson W. (ed.), The Lake District Landscape Heritage, David and Charles, London, 76?100.
Google Scholar