한국   대만   중국   일본 
???????? ?????? - ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????

???????? ??????

?? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????
???????? ??????
??? ???????
?????? ?? ???????
????????? ?????? ????
????????? ??????? ??????

???????? ?????? (??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ) ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ?????. [?] [?] ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ? ???????? ????????????? ???????. [?] ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????. ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ???? ???????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????????? ? ????????? ????. ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ? ? ?????? ?????? ??????????????.

?????????? [ ???????? ]

  1. ^ Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander D.; Morgan, David; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2015). "Cells and genomes". Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science. pp.  1 ?42. ISBN   978-0815344322 .
  2. ^ "Cell Biology | Learn Science at Scitable" . www.nature.com (?? ????????) . Retrieved 2023-05-06 .
  3. ^ Gupta, P. (Dec 1, 2005). Cell and Molecular Biology . Rastogi Publications. p.  11 . ISBN   978-8171338177 .

??????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]