????????? ????????

پەڕەی semi-protected
?? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????

??? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????
?????? ???? ? ????? ?????
????
?????? ?????????
  • ???
  • ?????????
?????
????
?????? ???
??????? ????????????

???????
?????? ??????
?????? ???????
????
?????
Portal ???????? ????????
   ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????????. ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? (???????????) .
????????? ????????
????????? ?????
?????? ?????
????? ????????? ?????
???? ?????
?????????? ???? ? ??? ? ??????? ? ????? (?????)
??????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? (???????)
??????
 ? ?????? ???????  ????????? ???????? (???????  ???? ???????? )
  (??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????)
?????? ??????????
 ? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? [?]
?? ???? ?? ????? [?]
???????? ? ?????????
 ? ???????? ????? ( ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ??????? )
??????? ????? ? ?????? ? ????
 ? ????????? ?????? ( ????? ? ???? )? ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????
?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????????

????????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? . ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ????. ??????????? ???? ? ??? ? ??????? ? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????. [?]

??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? (??????? ????????? ?????) ??????????? ? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????. [?] [?]

?????? ???

??????? ?????: ?????? ????

????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???????? ? ?? ????? ????? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?? [?] [?] [?] ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? [?] ???? [?] ? ????? [??] ? ????????????. [??] [??] [??]

??? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??. ???. ????????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????. [??] ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????. ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. [??]

???????? ???????

??????? ?????: ???????? ??????????
??? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ????.

?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???????? ????? ??????: ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? (????????) ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? (????????) ?? ?????? ? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????? (????????) ? ???????? (????????) ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? (????????) ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???. ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? [??] ? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ? ???????????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????. ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ? ???? ?? ????????. ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???. [??]

???? ??????? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? [??] [??] ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? . ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????????.

???????????

??????? ?????: ???????????
???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????

??? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? . ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????. ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????. ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????????. [??] [??] [??]

?????? ??????

?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????. [??] [??] ????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ????. ????? ?? ????? ? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? (?? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ) ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? . ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????. [??] [??] ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?????.

????? ??????? ?????

??????? ?????: ????? ??????? ?????

?????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????. [??] ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????. [??] ??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? [??] [??] ???????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????. [??]

????? ???? ?? ??? ???????

??????? ?????: ????? ????

???????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????. [??] ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????. [??] [??] ?????????? ??? ???? ? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????. [??] ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? [??] ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ? ??????? . [??] ??? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. [??]

?????? ????????

??????? ?????: ?????? ????????
????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????

?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ??? ? ???????? ? ???????? ????????. [??] [??] ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???.


??????? ???????? ?????

??????? ?????: ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????

???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? [??] ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????. [??] ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????. [??]

??????? ?????? ???????

?? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. [??] [??] [??] [??] ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???. [??] ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????. [??] ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????. [??] ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? . [??]

??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. [??] ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????. [??] ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????. [??] [??] [??]

????? ????

??????? ?????: ??????????????? ????? ?????

??????????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? [??] ???????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????. [??] ???????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????. [??] ??? ????????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??? ? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???. [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ????. [??] [??]

?????? ??????????

?????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??????. ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??: ??????? ? ???? ? ??? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ??????? ? ???? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???????? . ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ?????.

???? ????????? ????????? ????????

???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????:

???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????
? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?
? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?
? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?
? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?
? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?
? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?
? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?
? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?
? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?
?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?

?????????? ????????

??????? ?????: ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????

????????

??????? ?????: ????????? ????????? ????????

??????? ?????

??????????

  1. ^ A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has populations of 14.5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds living in these countries (i.e. in Kurdistan proper and in other parts of the states comprising the area taken together). CIA Factbook estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million]", Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]", Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]" Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 18 million]".
  2. ^ "The Kurdish population" . Fondation-Institut kurde de Paris . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 2017-10-15 .
  3. ^ The Kurds and Kurdistan: a selective and annotated bibliography By Lokman I. Meho , Page 1, ABC-CLIO, 1997
  4. ^ Izady, Mehrdad R., The Kurds: A Concise Handbook , Taylor & Francis, Washington, D.C., 1992
  5. ^ For a map of these areas see 2016-02-03 ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? .
  6. ^ Izady, Mehrdad R (1992). The Kurds: A concise handbook . Taylor & Francis. p.  74 . ISBN   978-0-8448-1727-9 .
  7. ^ M. Van Bruinessen, Agha, Shaikh and State , 373 pp. , Zed Books, 1992. p. 122:
  8. ^ "Excerpt 1: Bois, Th. ; Minorsky, V. ; Bois, Th. ; Bois, Th. ; MacKenzie, D. N. ; Bois, Th. "Kurds, Kurdistan". Encyclopaedia of Islam . Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C. E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. Brill Online" . Retrieved 9? September? 2020 . {{ cite web }} : Check date values in: |access-date= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |??????? ????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????????? ??????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |??????? ??????= ignored ( help ) ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? Archive-It ? ?????? ?????
  9. ^ ? ? Thomas Bois, The Kurds , 159 pp. , 1966. (see p. 10)
  10. ^ ? ? Encyclopedia Iranica , "Carduchi" by M. Dandamayev
  11. ^ Ilya Gershevitch, William Bayne Fisher, The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achamenian Periods , 964 pp. , Cambridge University Press, 1985, ISBN   978-0-521-20091-2 , (see footnote of p. 257)
  12. ^ David McDowall, A modern history of the Kurds , 515 pp. , I.B. Tauris, 2004, ISBN   978-1-85043-416-0 (see p. 9)
  13. ^ David N. Mackenzie, "The Origin of Kurdish", Transactions of Philological Society , 1961
  14. ^ Professor Garnik Asatrian (Yerevan University) (2009). "Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds", Iran and the Caucasus , Vol. 13, pp. 1?58, 2009.
  15. ^ "HAZ?RASPIDS" . www.iranicaonline.org (?? ????????). Encyclopædia Iranica . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . HAZ?RASPIDS, a local dynasty of Kurdish origin which ruled in the Zagros mountains region of southwestern Persia,... {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |??????? ????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????????? ??????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |??????? ??????= ignored ( help )
  16. ^ "Who Are the Kurds?" . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . {{ cite web }} : Unknown parameter |??????? ????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????????? ??????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |??????? ??????= ignored ( help )
  17. ^ Oberling 1988 , pp. 693?694.
  18. ^ Frye 1960 , p. 626.
  19. ^ DIMDIM 11 October 2008 ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? .
  20. ^ Eskandar Beg Monshi (1979). History of Shah Abbas the Great History of Shah Abbas the Great . Mazda. ISBN   978-0-89158-296-0 .
  21. ^ O. Dzh. Dzhalilov, Kurdski geroicheski epos "Zlatoruki Khan" ( The Kurdish heroic epic "Gold-hand Khan" ), Moscow, 1967, pp. 5?26, 37?39, 206.
  22. ^ Brown, Sara E.; Smith, Stephen D. (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Mass Atrocity, and Genocide . Routledge . p. 345.
  23. ^ Sebastian Maisel (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society . p. xii.
  24. ^ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (1992). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview . London; New York: Routledge . pp.  138?141 . ISBN   978-0-415-07265-6 . OCLC   24247652 .
  25. ^ ? ? ? Banuazizi, Ali; Weiner, Myron (1986). The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan . Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press . pp.  186?187 . ISBN   978-0-8156-2385-4 . OCLC   13762196 .
  26. ^ ? ? Ashraf, Ahmad (15 December 2006). "Iranian Identity iv. 19th?20th Centuries" . Encyclopædia Iranica . New York: Columbia University . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . {{ cite encyclopedia }} : Unknown parameter |??????? ????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |????????? ??????= ignored ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |??????? ??????= ignored ( help )
  27. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . p. 32. ISBN   978-0-691-05342-4 . OCLC   7975938 .
  28. ^ Entessar, Nader (2010). Kurdish Politics in the Middle East . Lanham: Lexington Books . p. 17. ISBN   978-0-7391-4039-0 . OCLC   430736528 .
  29. ^ Allen, William Edward David; Muratoff, Paul (1953). Caucasian battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian border, 1828?1921 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . p. 296. OCLC   1102813 .
  30. ^ Bayat, Kaveh (2003). "Chapter 12: Riza Shah and the Tribes". In Cronin, Stephanie (ed.). The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society Under Riza Shah 1921?1941 . BIPS Persian Studies Series. London; New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group . pp. 224?230. ISBN   978-0-203-42314-1 . OCLC   54059369 .
  31. ^ McDowall 2004 , pp. 244?245.
  32. ^ Vali, Abbas (2014). Kurds and the State in Iran: The Making of Kurdish Identity . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43.
  33. ^ Izady, Mehrdad (1992). The Kurds: A Concise Handbook . Washington: Crane Russak. p.  198 . ISBN   978-0-8448-1729-3 . OCLC   25409394 .
  34. ^ Romano, David (2006). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity . Cambridge Middle East studies, 22. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press . p.  240 . ISBN   978-0-521-85041-4 . OCLC   61425259 .
  35. ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . p. 453. ISBN   978-0-691-05342-4 . OCLC   7975938 .
  36. ^ Yodfat, Aryeh (1984). The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran . New York: St. Martin's Press . ISBN   978-0-312-74910-1 . OCLC   9282694 .
  37. ^ ? ? Katzman, Kenneth (2009). Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security . New York: Nova Science Publishers . p. 32. ISBN   978-1-61470-116-3 . OCLC   756496931 .
  38. ^ Habeeb, William Mark; Frankel, Rafael D.; Al-Oraibi, Mina (2012). The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change . Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group . p.  46 . ISBN   978-0-313-33914-1 . OCLC   753913763 .
  39. ^ Elling, Rasmus Christian (2013). Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 312. ISBN   978-0-230-11584-2 . OCLC   714725127 .
  40. ^ ???? ????????.. ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????????.
  41. ^ ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????????.
  42. ^ ??????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????????.
  43. ^ ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????????.
  44. ^ ????? ????????????: ????? ???? (?? ?????) , retrieved 2022-11-05
  45. ^ "EU concern over woman who died after being stopped by morality police" . euronews (?? ????????).
  46. ^ ?????? "?? ???? ??????" ?? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ???????? . ???????? ?????. ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????.
  47. ^ ? ? "Iran hangs two men accused of killing security agent during protests" . Reuters . 7 January 2022 . Retrieved 17 January 2023 .
  48. ^ ????? ??????: ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ? ≪?????≫ ???? ????? ?????? ‏ (?????) . ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????.
  49. ^ ????? ???? ???? ????: ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ‏ (?????) . ???? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????.
  50. ^ ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ‏ (?????) . ?????????? ?????.
  51. ^ ???? ??????: ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? (?? ?????) , retrieved 2022-11-29
  52. ^ https://hengaw.net/so/news/???????-?????-?-??????-??-???-????????????????-????????-??????-?-???????
  53. ^ https://hengaw.net/so/news/????????-?????-???????-????????-????-??-????????????????-????-????????-????-?????
  54. ^ https://hengaw.net/so/news/???????-?????-?-??????-?????-??????????-?-????????????????-????????-????????-??????-?-?????-??-?????-???????
  55. ^ https://hengaw.net/so/news/2022/12/???????-?????-?-??????-?????-??????????-?-????????????????-????????-????????-??????-?-?????-??-?????-???????
  56. ^ ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ‏ (?????) . ??????????.
???????? ?? ≪ https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????????_????????&oldid=1201005 ≫