???? ??????

???? ?????? (?? ???????? : Internal Energy ) ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? (Transitional)? ???????? (rotational) ? ???????? (Rotational). ^[?] ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? (J). ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ^[?]

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???????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???????????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???. ^[?]

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^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy
^ ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ? ?????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? (2007). (PDF) (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: RSC Pub. ISBN 978-1-84755-788-9 . OCLC 232639283 https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/IUPAC-GB3-2012-2ndPrinting-PDFsearchable.pdf . {{ cite book }}: Missing or empty |title= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |title??? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????????= ignored ( help )
^ Born, M. (1949), Appendix 8, pp. 146?149 .

??? ????? ????? ????????? . ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????.

[1] ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy

[2] ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ? ?????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? (2007). (PDF) (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: RSC Pub. ISBN 978-1-84755-788-9 . OCLC 232639283 https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/IUPAC-GB3-2012-2ndPrinting-PDFsearchable.pdf . {{ cite book }}: Missing or empty |title= ( help ) ; Unknown parameter |title??? ? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????????= ignored ( help )

[وزە_146-3] Born, M. (1949), Appendix 8, pp. 146?149 .

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