?????? ??????????

????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????. ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ????.

????????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? . ?? ???? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???, ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????. ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? "???????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????????" ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? . ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???.

?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ? ????????. ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????. ????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????.

?? ???????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ? ????????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???.

?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????? . ^[?]

??????????? ??? [ ???????? ]

????????? ??????-?????? ???????? ( ? ) ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? (??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???) ?? ????? ????? ? ??????? ????????? ???. ^[?] ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ( ing 羅中 ) ?????. ?? ??? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????? "Pulau Ujong" ??? "?????? ?? ????????" (?? ????? ??????? ???????? ). ^[?]

????-????: ???? ????????? [ ???????? ]

?? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???. ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ????????.

??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????. ^[?] ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ? ????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? . ^[?] ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????.

?????????? [ ???????? ]

^ "World Economic Outlook Database" . International Monetary Fund . September 2006. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009.
^ Hack, Karl. "Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore" . National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .
^ "Singapore: History, Singapore 1994" . Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2006 . ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .
^ Smith, Colin (2006). Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II . Penguin Group. ISBN 0-14-101036-3 .
^ Churchill, Winston (1986). The Hinge of Fate, Volume 4 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 81. ISBN 0-395-41058-4 , en Parameter error in {{ ISBN }}: Invalid ISBN .

[1] "World Economic Outlook Database" . International Monetary Fund . September 2006. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009.

[2] Hack, Karl. "Records of Ancient Links between India and Singapore" . National Institute of Education, Singapore. Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2006 . ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

[utexas-3] "Singapore: History, Singapore 1994" . Asian Studies @ University of Texas at Austin. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007 . Retrieved 7 July 2006 . ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

[Smith-4] Smith, Colin (2006). Singapore Burning: Heroism and Surrender in World War II . Penguin Group. ISBN 0-14-101036-3 .

[5] Churchill, Winston (1986). The Hinge of Fate, Volume 4 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 81. ISBN 0-395-41058-4 , en Parameter error in {{ ISBN }}: Invalid ISBN .

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