??????

??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????.

?????? ? ????? (???? ???? ????) (?? ??????? : Microbe ) ??? ????????????? (?? ???????? : Microorganism ) ??? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? (???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???????). ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? (????????????). ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? (Anton van Leeuwenhoek) ?? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.

??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ?????? (archaea)? ? ???????????? (protists)? ?????? ?????????????? (?? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? )? ?? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? (planarian) ? ?????? (amoeba).

?????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????. ^[?]^[?] ?????? ?????????? ?????????? (???? ??? ??????? ????)? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? (?????????????) ???????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ????? Thiomargarita namibiensis ??????????? ? ?? ???? ?????? ????????. ^[?]

?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????. ?????? ????????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???. ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????????????????? (??????????) ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ? ???????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ??? ? ???? ??. ^[?]

??????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ? ????????? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ??? ?????.. ^[?]

??????????? [ ???????? ]

^ Rybicki EP (1990). "The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics". S Aft J Sci . 86 : 182?6. ISSN 0038-2353 .
^ LWOFF A (1957). "The concept of virus". J. Gen. Microbiol . 17 (2): 239?53. PMID 13481308 .
^ Max Planck Society Research News Release ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? . Accessed 21 May 2009
^ Christner BC, Morris CE, Foreman CM, Cai R, Sands DC (2008). "Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall". Science . 319 (5867): 1214. doi : 10.1126/science.1149757 . PMID 18309078 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: ?????? ???????? ( link )
^ 2002 WHO mortality data Accessed 20 January 2007

[1] Rybicki EP (1990). "The classification of organisms at the edge of life, or problems with virus systematics". S Aft J Sci . 86 : 182?6. ISSN 0038-2353 .

[pmid13481308-2] LWOFF A (1957). "The concept of virus". J. Gen. Microbiol . 17 (2): 239?53. PMID 13481308 .

[3] Max Planck Society Research News Release ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? . Accessed 21 May 2009

[4] Christner BC, Morris CE, Foreman CM, Cai R, Sands DC (2008). "Ubiquity of biological ice nucleators in snowfall". Science . 319 (5867): 1214. doi : 10.1126/science.1149757 . PMID 18309078 . {{ cite journal }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: ?????? ???????? ( link )

[5] 2002 WHO mortality data Accessed 20 January 2007

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