????? ???????

????? ?? ????? ??? (???? ???????) ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??. ^[?] ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ? ???? ????. ^[?]

?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? (????) ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? (????? ??????? - ???? ???????) ???. ?? ???? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? (????????????? ?????????) ? (???? ??????). ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? ? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? (????????????? ??????) ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? (????) ?????????? ??? ? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? (???? ??????)?? ?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????.

????????? [ ???????? ]

?? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? (???? ??????)??? ?? (????????????? ??????) ^[?]^[?] ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????. ^[?]^[?] ???????? ?? ??????? (???? ? ???? ????) ?? ??????? (????? ?? ????? - ???? ???????)??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? (???? ?. ?????? ? ??? ?. ??????) ????????? ? ????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????? (OH 7). ???? ?????? ??? (??????) ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? (??????? ????) ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? (???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ? ?????) ???. ^[?]

?????????? ??????? ???????? (LD 350-1) ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? (?????????????) ? (???? ??????) ^[?] ? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? (????) ????????. ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ????????.

???? (???? ??????) ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? (??? ?? ^? ? ??? ?? ^?) ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? (??? ?? ^? ? ??? ?? ^?) ???. ^[?] ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? %?? ???????? ?? ????? (?????????????) ? ?? %?? ???????? ?? ????? (???????????). ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ^[??] ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? (??????????????) ??.

??????? (???? ??????) ??????????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? (??????????????) ? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ^[??] ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? (????????????? ?????????) ? ???????? ????? (????)???. ^[??]

?? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ? ??????????? (??? ????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????) ??? ????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? (???????? ??????????). ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ????. ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????. ^[??]

?????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? (????????????? ??????) ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? (???? ??????) ? (????????????? ?????????) ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????.

?????????? [ ???????? ]

^ Friedemann Schrenk, Ottmar Kullmer, Timothy Bromage, "The Earliest Putative Homo Fossils", chapter 9 in: Winfried Henke, Ian Tattersall (eds.), Handbook of Paleoanthropology , 2007, pp. 1611?1631, doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52
^ Wood, Bernard "Fifty Years After Homo habilis ", Nature . 3 April 2014. pp. 31?33.
^ Wood and Richmond; Richmond, BG (2000). "Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology" . Journal of Anatomy . 197 (Pt 1): 19?60. doi : 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x . PMC 1468107 . PMID 10999270 . p. 41: "A recent reassessment of cladistic and functional evidence concluded that there are few, if any, grounds for retaining H. habilis in Homo , and recommended that the material be transferred (or, for some, returned) to Australopithecus (Wood & Collard, 1999)."
^ Australian Museum: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Homo-habilis .
^ Miller J. M. A. (2000). "Craniofacial variation in Homo habilis : an analysis of the evidence for multiple species" . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 112 (1): 103?128. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<103::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-6 . PMID 10766947 .
^ Tobias, P. V. (1991). "The species Homo habilis : example of a premature discovery". Annales Zoologici Fennici . 28 (3?4): 371?380. JSTOR 23735461 .
^ Leakey, L. ; Tobias, P. V. ; Napier, J. R. (1964). "A New Species of the Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge" (PDF) . Nature . 202 (4927): 7?9.
^ Villmoare B., Kimbel H., Seyoum C., Campisano C., DiMaggio E., Rowan J., Braun D., Arrowsmith J., Reed K. (2015). Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru , Afar, Ethiopia. Science. doi : 10.1126/science.aaa1343
^ "Vertebrate fossils record a faunal turnover indicative of more open and probable arid habitats than those reconstructed earlier in this region, in broad agreement with hypotheses addressing the role of environmental forcing in hominin evolution at this time." DiMaggio E. N.; Campisano, C. J.; Rowan, J.; Dupont-Nivet, G.; Deino, A. L.; et al. (2015). "Late Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia". Science . 347 (6228): 1355?9. doi : 10.1126/science.aaa1415 . PMID 25739409 .
^ Tattersall, I. , & Schwartz, J. H. , Extinct Humans , Westview Press, New York, 2001, p. 111.
^ F. Spoor; M. G. Leakey; P. N. Gathogo; F. H. Brown; S. C. Anton; I. McDougall; C. Kiarie; F. K. Manthi; L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09). "Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature . 448 (7154): 688?691. doi : 10.1038/nature05986 . PMID 17687323 . A partial maxilla assigned to H. habilis reliably demonstrates that this species survived until later than previously recognized, making an anagenetic relationship with H. erectus unlikely
^ Margvelashvili, Ann; Zollikofer, Christoph P. E.; Lordkipanidze, David; Peltomaki, Timo; Leon, Marcia S. Ponce de (2013-10-02). "Tooth wear and dentoalveolar remodeling are key factors of morphological variation in the Dmanisi mandibles" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (?? ????????). 110 (43): 17278?83. Bibcode : 2013PNAS..11017278M . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1316052110 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 3808665 . PMID 24101504 . ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .
^ Tobias, P. V. (1987). "The brain of Homo habilis : A new level of organization in cerebral evolution". Journal of Human Evolution . 16 (7?8): 741?761. doi : 10.1016/0047-2484(87)90022-4 .

???????? ?????

[1] Friedemann Schrenk, Ottmar Kullmer, Timothy Bromage, "The Earliest Putative Homo Fossils", chapter 9 in: Winfried Henke, Ian Tattersall (eds.), Handbook of Paleoanthropology , 2007, pp. 1611?1631, doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52

[2] Wood, Bernard "Fifty Years After Homo habilis ", Nature . 3 April 2014. pp. 31?33.

[3] Wood and Richmond; Richmond, BG (2000). "Human evolution: taxonomy and paleobiology" . Journal of Anatomy . 197 (Pt 1): 19?60. doi : 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19710019.x . PMC 1468107 . PMID 10999270 . p. 41: "A recent reassessment of cladistic and functional evidence concluded that there are few, if any, grounds for retaining H. habilis in Homo , and recommended that the material be transferred (or, for some, returned) to Australopithecus (Wood & Collard, 1999)."

[australianmuseum-4] Australian Museum: http://australianmuseum.net.au/Homo-habilis .

[5] Miller J. M. A. (2000). "Craniofacial variation in Homo habilis : an analysis of the evidence for multiple species" . American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 112 (1): 103?128. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<103::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-6 . PMID 10766947 .

[6] Tobias, P. V. (1991). "The species Homo habilis : example of a premature discovery". Annales Zoologici Fennici . 28 (3?4): 371?380. JSTOR 23735461 .

[7] Leakey, L. ; Tobias, P. V. ; Napier, J. R. (1964). "A New Species of the Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge" (PDF) . Nature . 202 (4927): 7?9.

[8] Villmoare B., Kimbel H., Seyoum C., Campisano C., DiMaggio E., Rowan J., Braun D., Arrowsmith J., Reed K. (2015). Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru , Afar, Ethiopia. Science. doi : 10.1126/science.aaa1343

[9] "Vertebrate fossils record a faunal turnover indicative of more open and probable arid habitats than those reconstructed earlier in this region, in broad agreement with hypotheses addressing the role of environmental forcing in hominin evolution at this time." DiMaggio E. N.; Campisano, C. J.; Rowan, J.; Dupont-Nivet, G.; Deino, A. L.; et al. (2015). "Late Pliocene fossiliferous sedimentary record and the environmental context of early Homo from Afar, Ethiopia". Science . 347 (6228): 1355?9. doi : 10.1126/science.aaa1415 . PMID 25739409 .

[10] Tattersall, I. , & Schwartz, J. H. , Extinct Humans , Westview Press, New York, 2001, p. 111.

[11] F. Spoor; M. G. Leakey; P. N. Gathogo; F. H. Brown; S. C. Anton; I. McDougall; C. Kiarie; F. K. Manthi; L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09). "Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature . 448 (7154): 688?691. doi : 10.1038/nature05986 . PMID 17687323 . A partial maxilla assigned to H. habilis reliably demonstrates that this species survived until later than previously recognized, making an anagenetic relationship with H. erectus unlikely

[12] Margvelashvili, Ann; Zollikofer, Christoph P. E.; Lordkipanidze, David; Peltomaki, Timo; Leon, Marcia S. Ponce de (2013-10-02). "Tooth wear and dentoalveolar remodeling are key factors of morphological variation in the Dmanisi mandibles" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (?? ????????). 110 (43): 17278?83. Bibcode : 2013PNAS..11017278M . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1316052110 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 3808665 . PMID 24101504 . ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

[13] Tobias, P. V. (1987). "The brain of Homo habilis : A new level of organization in cerebral evolution". Journal of Human Evolution . 16 (7?8): 741?761. doi : 10.1016/0047-2484(87)90022-4 .

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