??????

?????? ? ??? ???? ^[?] ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????. ???? ? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???. ^[?] ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????. ^[?] ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????. ^[?]

?????????? [ ???????? ]

?? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ti?tumi?t (??????? = ??? + ? + ???)? ^[?] ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? Ci?tumi?t ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? (?? + ? + ??) ??? ??????????. "??" ?? ?? ????????? [?????] ?????? ???????? "??"?? ??????????????? "?? "? ?? ????? "?" ?? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????????. ^[?] ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ? ??.

???? ????? ?? "??????"? ?????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ??????. ^[?]

?????????? [ ???????? ]

^ ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? -? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???
^ www.businessdictionary.com ??????? ?????? ???? good ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .
^ ???????? ??????????? ???????????? Deardorffs? ??????? "good" ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? . ? "service" ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ..
^ ???????? ??????????? ???????????? Deardorffs? ???? "commodity" ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ..
^ "ti?tumi?t ?? ?????????????" . Archived from the original on 10? October? 2015 . Retrieved 31? December? 2014 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |access-date= ? |archive-date= ( help )
^ ??????? ?? -m ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .
^ An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

[1] ????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? -? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???

[2] www.businessdictionary.com ??????? ?????? ???? good ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

[3] ???????? ??????????? ???????????? Deardorffs? ??????? "good" ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? . ? "service" ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ..

[4] ???????? ??????????? ???????????? Deardorffs? ???? "commodity" ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ..

[5] "ti?tumi?t ?? ?????????????" . Archived from the original on 10? October? 2015 . Retrieved 31? December? 2014 . {{ cite web }}: Check date values in: |access-date= ? |archive-date= ( help )

[6] ??????? ?? -m ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

[7] An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????? .

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

[?]