??????????

????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????.

?????????? ??? ??????????? (?? ???????? : Pharmacology ) ????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? (??? ????? ????????????) ????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????????. ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????????????? ? ?????????????? . ^[?]^[?] ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ^[?]

?????????? [ ???????? ]

^ Britanica encyclopedia: Pharmacology
^ ???? ???????-??????????? ????. ????
^ Brater DC, Daly WJ (2000). "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: principles that presage the 21st century". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther . 67 (5): 447?50. doi : 10.1067/mcp.2000.106465 . PMID 10824622 . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )

??????? ??????????? [ ???????? ]

??? ?????? ????? ????????? . ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????.

[1] Britanica encyclopedia: Pharmacology

[2] ???? ???????-??????????? ????. ????

[3] Brater DC, Daly WJ (2000). "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: principles that presage the 21st century". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther . 67 (5): 447?50. doi : 10.1067/mcp.2000.106465 . PMID 10824622 . {{ cite journal }}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored ( help )

[?]

[?]

[?]