Ch?ng-k?? Ming-d??ng-ng?? Hang-ce gi b?ng-bu?ng. / 參考?東語 漢字 其版本。

C? pi?ng ung-ci?ng se gai-sieu D??ng-guok ung-ming gi. N?? na buoh si?ng li?u-g?i ho? ?D??ng-guok“ gi 2 b?k guok-g? , chi?ng ch?ng-k??:
D??ng-hua Ing-ming Ge??ng-huo-guok , l?-de D??ng-guok Dai-l??k , Hi?ng-g??ng gae?ng O?-muong ; h??k-ci?
D??ng-hua Ming-guok , l?-de Dai-u?ng , Pang-hu , G?ng-muong gae?ng M?-c? .

D??ng-guok (   中國 ^{B?ng-co / Seng-sek} ) se D??ng-? gi 1 ci? ung-ming , se sie-gai dek lau-g?-c? gi ung-ming c? ek, o 6 chi?ng siong nieng gi l?k-s??. Guok-ge??ng No?i-cieng c? haiu, D??ng-guok ke??k bu?ng-li?k co? D??ng-hua Ing-ming Ge??ng-huo-guok gae?ng D??ng-hua Ming-guok c? 2 b?k ceng-de s?k-t??.

D??ng-guok gi c??-ng?? c??-si? hie-t?ng gi l?k-s?? g?k sie-gai se dek dong gi. D??ng-guok gi 4 duai huak-ming: c?i , s??-nang , hu?i-i?h , eng-sauk-s?k , do?i sie-gai ?ng-hi?ng ceng duai.

Ming-ch?ng [ Si?-g?i | G?i nguong-m? ]

?D??ng-guok“ ang ce-meng e-se?? l?-g?i, ceu se ?d??ng-g?ng gi guok-g?“ h??k-ci? ?dai-dai-d?ng gi guok-g?“. G?-c? gi D??ng-guok-ne?ng neng-ui ce-g? gi guok-g? g?k sie-gai gi dai-dai-d?ng.

?ng-ng?? gae?ng gi-t? si?h pi? S??-hu?ng guok-g? ch?ng D??ng-guok co? ? China “, k??-neng se g?-c? Cing-dieu (秦朝) gi ming-ch?ng (名稱) hu?ng-?k li gi. Ngo?-ng?? ch?ng D??ng-guok co? ? Китай “, se teng g?-c? D??ng-guok D??ng-bae?k-buo gi si?u-so ming-c?k ceng-guong Kie-d?ng (契丹) hu?ng-?k li gi.

L?k-s?? [ Si?-g?i | G?i nguong-m? ]

Ci? deu-m??k: D??ng-guok l?k-s??

G?-c? D??ng-guok se sie-gai ?i-dai ung-ming gi d??ng-s?ng c? ek, leng-nguoi g?i b?k ung-ming se G? ?i-g?k , M?-so?h-bok-d?k-m?-? , G? H?-le-na? , G? Eng-do gae?ng M?-i? .

Sia-huoi [ Si?-g?i | G?i nguong-m? ]

Ing-k?u [ Si?-g?i | G?i nguong-m? ]

D??ng-guok ing-k?u chi?u-guo 13 e, dai-m?? se ciong sie-gai gi 1/5, se sie-gai siong ing-k?u dek sa? gi guok-g?. D??ng-hua Ing-ming Ge??ng-huo-guok ceng-h? g?ng-buo gi ming-c?k so-liong se 56 b?k, dang-se ia o ci?ng-g? g?-liong, s?k-cie o bah siong b?k c?k-gung s?ng-u?k di?h D??ng-guok.

D??ng-guok dek ci?-ieu gi ming-c?k se Hang-c?k , dang-se Hang-c?k gi-s?k se iu ceng sa? haik-t?ng ma? de?ng gi g?-c? ming-c?k ??ng-h?k huak-di?ng li gi. 3 chi?ng nieng ?-lai, o ceng sa? ming-c?k ke??k Hang-hua (漢化) siang Hang-c?k. Ch?i-iong c?ng-ku?ng, go se o i? sa? ke??k dung-hua gi c?k-gung b??-liu di?h ce-g? gi ng??-ngiong gae?ng ung-hua d?k-saik, ia ?ng-hi?ng di?h Hang-c?k gi ng??-ngiong gae?ng ung-hua.

Ng??-ngiong [ Si?-g?i | G?i nguong-m? ]

Duai-buo-hong D??ng-guok ng??-ngiong d? s??k Hang-caung ng??-hie . D?ng-d?ng Hang-ng?? g?-ding ceu o i? sa? ? hu?ng-ngiong “, b?-??-g?ng, U?k-ng?? (Gu?ng-d??ng-ua), Ming-ng?? , Kah-ua , Ngu-ng?? , d?ng-d?ng. H?-hang-ng?? gi ng??-ngiong o Caung-ng?? , Mung-g?-ng?? , Caung-ng?? , Mi-ngu-?-ng?? , Mieu-ng?? gae?ng Dieu-si?ng-ng?? .

D??ng-guok gi gu?ng-hu?ng ng??-ngiong se P?-t?ng-ua . Dang-se g?k No?i Mung-g? , S?ng-gi?ng , S??-caung , Gu?ng-s?? d?ng si?u-so ming-c?k ce??-de-k?? , si?u-so ming-c?k gi ng??-ngiong ia se h?k-huak gi gu?ng-hu?ng ng??-ngiong.

D??ng-guok gi c??-ng?? bu?ng co? B?h-ua gae?ng Ung-ngiong . Ung-ngiong se D??ng-guok diong-t?ng gi c??-ng??, o g?i chi?ng nieng gi l?k-s??; B?h-ua se ? k?u-ng?? co? g?-ch? gi c??-ng?? hing-sek, se teng 20 sie-g? ch?? gi Ng?-se?? Ong-dong k?i-s?? huak-di?ng k? li gi.

Puang l?? D??ng-guok hiong ngie-s?u sie-gai gi k?i-huong, ia o mu?ng lai mu?ng sa? gi haiu-s?ng-gi?ng a? baik ?ng-ng?? .

C?ng-gau [ Si?-g?i | G?i nguong-m? ]

Ch?i-iong D??ng-hua Ing-ming Ge??ng-huo-guok gu?ng-hu?ng s?ng-diong Mo?-sing-laung , dang-se g?k huak-l?k ia sing-neng beng-chi? b??-ho ing-ming o seng-hong c?ng-gau gi ce??-iu . D??ng-guok ci?-ieu gi bu?ng-t? c?ng-gau o H?k-gau , Do?-gau , ?-g?k K?ng-c?? do?-daik h?k-siok s? huak-di?ng li gi ??-gau . Ia o ma? ci?u ne?ng hong G?-dok-gau (3%-4%), gae?ng ?-s??-lang-gau (1%-2%), d?ng-d?ng.

1990 nieng-dai, Huak-lung-g?ng g?k D??ng-guok huak-di?ng ceng ka?, dang-se ?ng-oi hu?ng-do?i ceng-h?, ke??k diang co? sia-gau (邪?), geng-c? ing-ming seng-hong.

Gae?ng D??ng-guok Dai-l??k si?ng b?-gau, c?ng-gau di?h Dai-u?ng baing-i?ng gaing de??ng-ieu gi gae?k-saik. Ch?-bok-d?? s?-i? gi Dai-u?ng-ne?ng d? seng-hong c?ng-gau.

Ung-hua [ Si?-g?i | G?i nguong-m? ]

Ci? deu-m??k: ??-gau

G?k D??ng-guok g?i chi?ng nieng l?k-s?? siong, ??-gau ek-d?k se t?ng-de s??-si?ng. Do?i K?ng-c?? s??-si?ng gi ci?ng-?k se ku?-g?? (科?) cie-do gi bi?u-c?ng. Ku?-g?? cie-do ?ng-hi?ng l?u D??ng-guok ung-hua gi ga-d?k-gu?ng, p?-??-g?ng, D??ng-guok ung-ing neng-ui c??-huak se b? huoi-ua , hie-ki?k gaing geng gi ngie-s?k hing-sek. ??-gau se D??ng-guok ceng sa? diek-h?k ci?-puai gi g?-ch?.

Wikimedia Commons o si?ng-gu?ng daung-ang: D??ng-guok

C? pi?ng ung-ci?ng si? buang-nang-ha . K?-dae?ng n?? do?i-chi? Wikipedia ci?ng ? chiang lai .