Pinus halepensis
Pinus pinea (
Toscana
)
Pinus sylvestris
Tres del pins europeus junts: D'esquerra a dreta,
Pi roig
,
pi blanc
i
pinassa
, els pinets de sota tambe son pinasses, tots en estat silvestre a la
Serra de Castelltallat
(2012).
Pinus mugo
Pinus radiata
Pinus canariensis
Pinya de pinus nigra
Pins al
Pais Valencia
Pinus
es un
genere
de
conifera
de la
familia
Pinaceae
. Son arbres coneguts popularment com a pins, per be que altres arbres d'altres generes tambe s'anomenen
pins
.
[2]
Els pins, quan creixen junts, formen boscos que s'anomenen
pinedes
. De diverses especies de pins amb pinyons comestibles s'obte l'
oli de pinyo
amb diversos usos.
[3]
Caracteristiques
[
modifica
]
Els pins son arbres de
fulla
perenne
, generalment de
tronc
dret i elevat. La
capcada
pot ser piramidal o arrodonida i, en els arbres adults, ampla i deprimida. Els macroblasts presenten fulles esquamiformes sense
clorofil·la
. Les fulles tenen una forma acicular caracteristica amb dos o mes canals resinifers cadascuna, i s'apleguen en forma de
fascicles
de dues a cinc unitats en petites branquetes anomenades braquiblasts. Les especies europees tenen totes braquiblasts amb dues fulles.
Els cons masculins es desenvolupen a la base dels brots anuals. Els
estrobils
presenten escates persistents, sent les tectrices rudimentaries i incluses i les seminiferes sol presentar una protuberancia o melic en la seva part externa (apofisi) maduren biennal o trienalment. Les llavors son alades amb la testa mes o menys lignificada. Nombroses especies es conreen des de molt antic pels seus
pinyons
o amb finalitats ornamentals o forestals, la qual cosa dificulta l'establiment de les seves arees originals.
Els pins son plantes
monoiques
, amb inflorescencies masculines i femenines separades en un mateix peu. Les femenines, despres de pol·linitzades i madurades, es lignifiquen i es transformen en
pinyes
, les esquames de les quals protegeixen les
llavors
, anomenades
pinyons
. La petorrera es la pell que salta de la soca o del tronc.
Entre els antics el pi era l'arbre preferit de
Demeter
o
Cibeles
. Els
coribants
portaven
tirs
els extrems del qual eren pinyes de pi. Tambe s'emprava la pinya en cerimonies del culte de
Bacus
. De vegades, es representen a
Silva
amb una branca de pi a la ma dreta.
Hi ha mes d'un centenar d'especies de pins, distribuides per totes les latituds i altituds de l'hemisferi nord, sis de les quals es fan espontaniament als
Paisos Catalans
: el
pi blanc
, el
pi pinyer
i el
pinastre
, propis de la
terra baixa
, la
pinassa
o pi gargalla a la
muntanya mitja
, el
pi roig
a l'
estatge monta
i el
pi negre
a l'
alta muntanya
. Algunes altres (
pi canari
,
pi insigne
) han estat introduides per al seu aprofitament forestal.
Especies per regions
[
modifica
]
Existeixen al voltant de 110 especies de pi al mon. Els pins son natius de l'
Hemisferi Nord
, amb solament una especie trobada al sud de l'
Equador
, a l'
illa de Sumatra
(2°S, el
pi de Sumatra
). A l'
America del Nord
se situen des dels 66°N al
Canada
(pi Jack) fins als 12°N pel sud a
Nicaragua
(pi del Carib). Les muntanyes subtropicals de
Mexic
alberguen la major diversitat d'especies d'aquest genere, amb prop de 47. L'oest dels
Estats Units
(
California
) es el segon lloc del planeta amb mes diversitat de pins. A
Eurasia
es troben des de les
Illes Canaries
i
Escocia
per l'Oest fins al llunya orient rus, i pel sud des de les
Filipines
fins als 70° N a
Noruega
i
Siberia
oriental (pi roig i pi nan siberia respectivament). Set especies son natives i originaries de la
peninsula Iberica
i zones limitrofes i han sobreviscut i desenvolupat des de temps remots. En el
nord d'Africa
existeixen pins a les zones muntanyenques, aixi com en els
Himalaies
i en el sud-est asiatic. S'han introduit pins en arees temperades i subtropicals de l'Hemisferi Sud, incloent l'
Argentina
, el
Brasil
,
Xile
, l'
Equador
,
Uruguai
, el
Paraguai
,
Nova Zelanda
i
Australia
, on creixen extensament com a recurs de la
fusta
, i inclusivament algunes especies s'han convertit en invasores.
Llista de pins per regions
[
modifica
]
- Regio europea i mediterrania (alguna especie estesa fins a Asia)
- Asia
- Canada i EUA, excepte arees properes a la frontera mexicana
- Sud d'Arizona i Nou Mexic, Mexic, America central i Carib
- ↑
Entrada ≪
Pinus
≫ de la
Paleobiology Database
(en angles). [Consulta: 20 desembre 2022].
- ↑
≪
Noms de plantes. Corpus de fitonimia catalana | TERMCAT
≫. [Consulta: 12 marc 2023].
- ↑
August Holmes.
Some of the Physical Constants of Pine Nut Oil
. University of Nevada, Reno, 1912.
- ↑
Pines of Silvicultural Importance
. CABI, 2002, p. 30?.
ISBN 978-0-85199-539-7
.
- ↑
Aylmer Bourke Lambert.
A Description of the Genus Pinus: With Directions Relative to the Cultivation, and Remarks on the Uses of the Several Species: Also Descriptions of Many Other New Species of the Family of Coniferae : Illustrated with Figures
. Messrs. Weddell, 1832, p. 25?.
- ↑
Marcus Ulber; Felix Gugerli; Gregor Bo?i?
Pinus cembra
. Bioversity International, 2004, p. 1?.
ISBN 978-92-9043-619-5
.
- ↑
Diccionario de Agricultura practica y Economia Rural
. Imp. de Luis Garcia, 1855, p. 298?.
- ↑
LOPEZ GONZALEZ, GINES.
GUIA DE LOS ARBOLES Y ARBUSTOS DE LA PENINSULA IBE: (especies silvestres y las cultivadas mas comunes)
. Editorial Paraninfo, 1 gener 2004, p. 200?.
ISBN 978-84-8476-210-2
.
- ↑
Station Paper
. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1956, p. 9?.
- ↑
General Technical Report INT.
. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1981, p. 2?.
- ↑
J. A. Gomez Loranca.
Pinus nigra Arn. en el sistema iberico: tablas de crecimiento y produccion
. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, 1996.
ISBN 978-84-7498-449-1
.
- ↑
Breeding and Genetic Resources of Five-needle Pines: Growth, Adaptability, and Pest Resistance : Proceedings of the IUFRO Five-Needle Pine Working Party Conference, July 23-27, 2001, Medford, Oregon, USA
. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station., 2004, p. 63?.
- ↑
Selvicultura del pino pinaster (pinus pinaster): manual basico : cuidados culturales del pino pinaster en Asturias para producir madera de calidad
. Consejeria de Medio Rural y Pesca, Servicio de Montes y Produccion Forestal, 2007.
- ↑
Marta San Jose Valdezate.
Evaluacion de las masas de pino pinonero (Pinus pinea L.) en la Reserva Biologica de Donana, Parque Nacional de Donana: proyecto fin de carrera
. Universidad de Valladolid, 2007.
- ↑
United States Congressional Serial Set
. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1884, p. 316?.
- ↑
Aljos Farjon.
Pines, 2nd revised edition: Drawings and Descriptions of the Genus Pinus
. BRILL, 25 maig 2021, p. 231?.
ISBN 978-90-474-1516-9
.
- ↑
Aljos Farjon.
A Handbook of the World's Conifers (2 vols.): Revised and Updated Edition
. BRILL, 28 agost 2017, p. 1135?.
ISBN 978-90-04-32451-0
.
- ↑
Rajeev K. Srivastava; Nawa Bahar
Pines of South-East Asia
. International Book Distributors, 2007.
ISBN 978-81-7089-343-1
.
- ↑
Pacific Forestry Centre; International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. Project Group P2.04-00 (Seed Problems)
Dormancy and Barriers to Germination: Proceedings of an International Symposium of IUFRO Project Group P2.04-00 (Seed Problems)
. Pacific Forestry Centre, 1993.
ISBN 978-0-662-20777-1
.
- ↑
William Burke Critchfield; Elbert Luther Little
Geographic Distribution of the Pines of the World
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1966, p. 1948?.
- ↑
Aljos Farjon; Denis Filer
An Atlas of the World's Conifers: An Analysis of their Distribution, Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Status
. BRILL, 11 novembre 2013, p. 205?.
ISBN 978-90-04-21181-0
.
- ↑
Ky?to Daigaku. N?gakubu.
Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Kyoto University
. Kyoto University, 1987.
- ↑
23,0
23,1
Willdenowia
. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, 2004.
- ↑
Elbert Luther Little; William Burke Critchfield
Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (pines)
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1927, p. 9?.
- ↑
台灣林業科學
. 台灣省林業試驗所, 2008.
- ↑
Diversity and Systematics of Seed Plants
. Rastogi Publications, 2009, p. 222?.
ISBN 978-81-7133-792-7
.
- ↑
Issues in Ecological Research and Application: 2013 Edition
. ScholarlyEditions, 1 maig 2013, p. 523?.
ISBN 978-1-4901-0658-8
.
- ↑
Shun-ch?ing Li.
Forest Botany of China, Supplement
. Chinese Forestry Association, 1973.
- ↑
K. J. Crockford.
Spacing Trials of Pinus Kesiya: Results and Recommendations
. Division of Research & Development, Forestry Commission, 1994.
- ↑
David M. Richardson.
Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus
. Cambridge University Press, 31 juliol 2000, p. 19?.
ISBN 978-0-521-78910-3
.
- ↑
Pinus krempfii. Lecomte 1921.
- ↑
Pinus latteri. Mason. 1849.
- ↑
Pinus luchuensis. Mayr 1894.
- ↑
Pinus massoniana
- ↑
William Burke Critchfield; Elbert Luther Little
Geographic Distribution of the Pines of the World
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1966, p. 15?.
- ↑
36,0
36,1
Silvicultura de bosques tropicales: bibliografia
. IICA Biblioteca Venezuela, 1975, p. 89?. GGKEY:6N0WL3G85US.
- ↑
F.A. Andersson.
Coniferous Forests
. Elsevier, 29 desembre 2005, p. 213?.
ISBN 978-0-444-81627-6
.
- ↑
P A Khomentovsky.
Ecology of Siberian Dwarf Pine Pinus Pumila (Pallas) Regel in Kamchatka
. CRC Press, 1 gener 2004, p. 214?.
ISBN 978-1-4822-7992-4
.
- ↑
Raja Walayat Hussain; E. B. Glennie; M. Afzal Cheema
Interim Yield Tables for Chir Pine (Pinus Roxburghii, Roxb) of Reserved Forests in the Punjab
. Pakistan Forest Institute, 1979.
- ↑
Elena I. Troeva; A. P. Isaev; M.M. Cherosov
The Far North:: Plant Biodiversity and Ecology of Yakutia
. Springer Science & Business Media, 24 octubre 2010, p. 184?.
ISBN 978-90-481-3971-2
.
- ↑
41,0
41,1
Mark Cochrane.
Tropical Fire Ecology: Climate Change, Land Use and Ecosystem Dynamics
. Springer Science & Business Media, 11 abril 2010, p. 641?.
ISBN 978-3-540-77381-8
.
- ↑
Ram Swaroop Meena; Rahul Datta
Soil Moisture Importance
. BoD ? Books on Demand, 24 marc 2021, p. 121?.
ISBN 978-1-83968-095-3
.
- ↑
Elbert Luther Little; William Burke Critchfield
Subdivisions of the Genus Pinus (pines)
. U.S. Forest Services, 1969, p. 13?.
- ↑
Max Lehey.
Black Pine (pinus Thunbergii) "King of Bonsai"
, 1987.
- ↑
Bhupendra Koul.
Herbs for Cancer Treatment
. Springer Nature, 7 gener 2020, p. 896?.
ISBN 978-981-329-147-8
.
- ↑
Sharad Singh Negi.
Himalayan Wildlife, Habitat and Conservation
. Indus Publishing, 1992, p. 24?.
ISBN 978-81-85182-68-1
.
- ↑
De-Yuan Hong; Stephen Blackmore
The Plants of China
. Cambridge University Press, 23 abril 2015, p. 190?.
ISBN 978-1-107-07017-2
.
- ↑
Tadej Slabe.
South China Karst II
. Zalo?ba ZRC, 1 gener 2011, p. 72?.
ISBN 978-961-254-241-2
.
- ↑
Stephen F. Arno.
Silvics of Whitebark Pine (Pinus Albicaulis)
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1989, p. 1?.
- ↑
Karl Hess.
Forest Vegetation of the Arapaho and Roosevelt National Forests in Central Colorado: A Habitat Type Classification
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986, p. 1?.
- ↑
Charles R. Hatch; Phyllis M. Faber
Trees of the California Landscape: A Photographic Manual of Native and Ornamental Trees
. University of California Press, 2007, p. 31?.
ISBN 978-0-520-25124-3
.
- ↑
M.M. Grandtner.
Elsevier's Dictionary of Trees: Volume 1: North America
. Elsevier, 8 abril 2005, p. 643?.
ISBN 978-0-08-046018-5
.
- ↑
William Graham Cole.
Growth Response and Water Use Efficiency of Pinus Banksiana and Pinus Resinosa Seedlings Under Controlled Moisture Regimes
. Michigan State University. Department of Forestry, 1986.
- ↑
Cuauhtemoc Saenz Romero.
Landscape Genetics of Pinus Banksiana Lamb. in Wisconsin: Spatial Variation of Quantitative Traits and Isoenzymes
. University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1998.
- ↑
Elwood LaVern Miller.
Studies of Environmental Factors Affecting Jack Pine (Pinus Banksiana Lamb.) Regeneration
. Michigan State University. Department of Forestry, 1970.
- ↑
David Stephen Canavera.
Geographic and Stand Variation in Jack Pine (Pinus Banksiana Lamb)
. Michigan State University. Department of Forestry, 1969.
- ↑
Kenneth W. Outcalt.
An Old-growth Definition for Sand Pine Forests
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997, p. 4?.
- ↑
G. E. Rehfeldt.
Ecological Genetics of Pinus Contorta in the Lower Snake River Basin of Central Idaho
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985, p. 9?.
- ↑
Donald L. Copes.
Graft Incompatibility in Pinus Contorta
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1975, p. 1?.
- ↑
Ze'ev Vered.
Auxin in Long Shoots of Coulter Pine (Pinus Coulteri)
. University of California, Berkeley, 1957.
- ↑
Charles Theodore Mohr.
The Timber Pines of the Southern United States
. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1897, p. 9?.
- ↑
William A. Dick-Peddie.
New Mexico Vegetation: Past, Present, and Future
. UNM Press, 1993, p. 93?.
ISBN 978-0-8263-2164-0
.
- ↑
K. J. Crockford.
Yield Models and Tables for Pinus Patula, Pinus Elliottii and Pinus Taeda in Zimbabwe
. Forestry Commission, 1995.
- ↑
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
An Annotated Bibliography of Pinus Elliottii
. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1973, p. 1?.
- ↑
John F. Kraus.
Heritability of Some Seed Characteristics in Slash Pine (Pinus Elliottii Engelm.)
. University of Minnesota, 1966, p. 3?.
- ↑
David William Langor.
Status of the Limber Pine (Pinus Flexilis) in Alberta
. Alberta Conservation Association, 2007.
ISBN 978-0-7785-7068-4
.
- ↑
United States. Forest Service.
Report of the Chief - Forest Service
. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, p. 623?.
- ↑
Jose Elorrieta y Artaza.
Ensayo de los pinos ponderosa y jeffreyi en la vertiente sur de Sierra Nevada (Granada) anos 1922 a 1962
. Ministerio de Agricultura, Direccion General de Montes, Caza y Pesca Fluvial, Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y Experiencias, 1964.
- ↑
Harold Scofield Betts.
Sugar Pine (Pinus Lambertiana)
. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1960, p. 1?.
- ↑
Stanley Liebert Krugman.
The Anthocyanin Leuco-anthocyanins of Sugar Pine (Pinus Lambertiana Dougl.) Seedlings
. University of California, Berkeley, 1956.
- ↑
Joseph Albert Sacher.
Structure and Histogenesis of the Buds of Pinus Lambertiana
. University of California, Berkeley, 1953.
- ↑
Peter H. Raven; Ray Franklin Evert; Susan E. Eichhorn
Biologia de las plantas
. Reverte, 1992, p. 464?.
ISBN 978-84-291-1842-1
.
- ↑
Trevor A. Burwell.
Environmental History of the Lower Montane Pinyon (Pinus Monophylla) Treeline, Eastern California
. University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1999.
- ↑
Raymond J. Hoff; Geral I. McDonald; R. T. Bingham
Resistance to Cronartium ribicola in Pinus monticola: structure and gain of resistance in the second generation
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1973, p. 1?.
- ↑
K. Van Cleve.
A Study of the Nitrogen Economy of Bishop Pine (Pinus Muricata) Stands of Various Ages
. University of California, Berkeley, 1960.
- ↑
Thomas C. Croker.
Longleaf Pine: an Annotated Bibliography, 1946 Through 1967
. Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1968, p. 7?.
- ↑
G. E. Rehfeldt.
Adaptive Variation in Pinus Ponderosa from Intermountain Regions: Middle Columbia River system. II.
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986, p. 9?.
- ↑
Raymond C. Shearer.
Performance of 14-year-old Pinus Ponderosa Hybrids in Western Montana
. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1966, p. 1?.
- ↑
Bruce Allen Follansbee.
In Vitro Culture Studies of Pinus Ponderosa Laws
. U. of Calif., Davis, 1984.
- ↑
Thomas Meehan.
Pinus Pungens: The Table Mountain Pine
. Lane S. Hart, 1879, p. 3?.
- ↑
Alfonso Fernandez Manso; Alfonso Sarmiento Maillo
El pino radiata (Pinus radiata): manual de gestion forestal sostenible
. Junta de Castilla y Leon, 2004.
- ↑
Felipe Crecente-Campo.
Modelo de crecimiento de arbol individual para Pinus radiata D. Don en Galicia.
. Univ Santiago de Compostela, 2008, p. 2?. GGKEY:ARDXUEK37TY.
- ↑
Esther Fernandez Nunez.
Sistemas silvopastorales establecidos con Pinus radiata D. Don y Betula alba L. en Galicia.
. Univ Santiago de Compostela, p. 14?. GGKEY:24AP4362BJG.
- ↑
Nicolas Marcelo Galvez Arevalo.
Determinacion de la composicion quimica de madera de pino insigne (pinus radiata D. Don) sometida a la accion de dos hongos de pudricion blanca
. Universidad de Chile, 2001.
- ↑
Nicholas Tiho Mirov.
Composition of Gum Turpentines of Pines
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1961, p. 35?.
- ↑
David M. Richardson.
Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus
. Cambridge University Press, 31 juliol 2000, p. 174?.
ISBN 978-0-521-78910-3
.
- ↑
Harold Scofield Betts.
Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa)
. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1953, p. 1?.
- ↑
Douglas E. Gritzinger.
Short Term Dynamics of Potassium Cycling in Pinus Resinosa
. Cornell University, Aug., 1979.
- ↑
James Edward Stone.
Water Conduction in Roots and Root Grafts of Pinus Resinosa
. Cornell Univ., 1974.
- ↑
Orville W. Moore.
Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa) Seedlings as Affected by Various Soil Treatments
. Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. Department of Soil Science, 1950.
- ↑
Silas Little; Jack McCormick; John W. Andresen
A Selected and Annotated Bibliography of Pitch Pine (Pinus Rigida Mill.)
. U.S. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1970, p. 25?.
- ↑
Boy Scouts of America.
Handbooks for Boys
, 1934.
- ↑
Michael A. Taras; J. R. Saucier
Wood Density Surveys of the Minor Species of Yellow Pine in the Eastern United States: Pond pine (Pi??u?s? ?se??o??i??a? ?Michx.)
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1970, p. 1?.
- ↑
Eugenio Pla y Rave.
Tratado de maderas de construccion civil y naval
. Imprenta, estereotipia y galvanoplastia de Aribau y Cia. (Suc.de Rivadeneyra), 1880, p. 118?.
- ↑
Growth and Yield Model for Pinus Taeda and Pinus Elliottil in Brizil
. Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE, p. 5?. GGKEY:94TK33SQ2A1.
- ↑
United States. Forest Service.
Torrey Pine: Pinus Torreyana Parry
. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1908.
- ↑
Patterns of Reproduction in Torrey Pine (Pinus Torreyana)
, 1980.
- ↑
A. D. Lindsay.
Torrey Pine (Pinus Torreyana Parry)
, 1932.
- ↑
Population Trends and Recruitment Patterns of Pinus Torreyana at the Torrey Pine State Reserve
. San Diego State University, 2009.
- ↑
Arthur Pierson Kelley.
The Variations in Form of Mycorrhizal Short-roots of Pinus Virginiana Mill. Associated with Certain Soil Series
. Landenberg Laboratory, 1941.
- ↑
Boletin tecnico
, 1981.
- ↑
Victor M. Cano Gutierrez.
Tabla de densidad para pinus arizonica
. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias, Centro de Investigacion Regional del Norte Centro, Campo Experimental Madera, 1994.
- ↑
Miguel Angel Musalem; Alvaro Ramirez Luis
Monografia de Pinus ayacahuite var. veitchii Shaw
. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Pecuarias, 2003.
ISBN 978-968-5580-06-9
.
- ↑
TRES INTENSIDADES DE RALEO EN PINUS CARIBAEA var HONDURENSIS; ANALISIS DE 10 ANOS DE CRECIMIENTO EN UN DISENO CUADRADO LATINO
. Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE, p. 1?. GGKEY:7Z9682JE0F1.
- ↑
Pastoreo Bajo Plantaciones de Pinus Caribaea Informe de Investigacion 1984-1985 Proyecto Agroforestal Unu/catie
. Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE, p. 1?. GGKEY:2GN37T577YD.
- ↑
Datos De Crecimiento De Pinus Caribaea Var. Hondurensis En La Reserva Forestal La Yeguada, Panama
. Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE, p. 15?. GGKEY:4U661UYXX7S.
- ↑
Growth and Site Relationships of Pinus Caribaea Across the Caribbean Basin
. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1991, p. 60?.
- ↑
Jacob L. Whitmore.
Spacing Trial of Pinus Caribaea Var. Hondurensis
. Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1980, p. 8?.
- ↑
Phytologia
. Alma L. and Harold N. Moldenke, 1983.
- ↑
Jeffery A. Wright.
Conservacion y uso del recurso genetico de Pinus chiapensis en Colombia
. Smurfit Carton de Colombia, 1996.
- ↑
Estimacion de biomasa y contenido de carbono de Pinus cooperi Blanco, en Pueblo Nuevo, Durango
. Instituto de Ecologia A.C., 2007.
- ↑
David M. Richardson.
Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus
. Cambridge University Press, 31 juliol 2000, p. 23?.
ISBN 978-0-521-78910-3
.
- ↑
Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle.
Flora cubana
, 1873, p. 151?.
- ↑
Guias botanicas de excursiones en Mexico: Sureste, Noroeste y Noreste, Canon de Lobos, Los Volcanes, Meztitlan, El Mezquital
. Sociedad Botanica de Mexico, 1972.
- ↑
INEGI.
Anuario estadistico y geografico de Michoacan de Ocampo 2014
. INEGI, 1 desembre 2014, p. 2?. GGKEY:64SXJACFWSX.
- ↑
INEGI.
Explotacion de pino en el estado de Durango
. INEGI, 1 gener 1997, p. 8?. GGKEY:WD4R5L33F3F.
- ↑
Basilio Bermejo-Velazquez.
Genetic Diversity and the Mating System in Pinus Engelmannii Carr
. University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1993.
- ↑
J. P. Perry (Jr.).
The Taxonomy and Chemistry of Pinus Estevezii
.
- ↑
Paul Carpenter Standley.
Trees and Shrubs of Mexico
. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1926, p. 56?.
ISBN 978-0-598-40856-3
.
- ↑
Miguel Angel Musalem; Gabriel Martinez Cantera
Monografia de Pinus Greggii Engelm
. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Pecuarias, 2003.
ISBN 978-968-5580-03-8
.
- ↑
Olman Murillo.
Natural Variation in Wood Specific Gravity of Pinus Greggii, P. Leiophylla and P. Pringlei
. North Carolina State University, School of Forest Resources, 1988.
- ↑
Villers Ruiz, Lourdes; Fabiola Rojas Garcia; Pedro Tenorio Lezama
Guia Botanica Del Parque Nacional Malinche. Tlaxcala-puebla
. UNAM, 2006, p. 149?.
ISBN 978-970-32-1844-8
.
- ↑
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ISBN 978-970-32-2045-8
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Freddy Eduardo Rojas-Rodriguez; Edgar Ortiz
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. CATIE, 1991, p. 3?.
ISBN 978-9977-57-104-1
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Ronald M. Lanner.
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ISBN 978-84-9012-927-2
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Maximino Martinez.
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Baldemar Arteaga Martinez; Horacio Garcia Rodriguez; Juan Gabriel Rivera Medrano
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. Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Division de Ciencias Forestales, 2000.
ISBN 978-968-884-322-2
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W. S. Dvorak; J. K. Donahue
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. North Carolina State University, School of Forest Resources, 1988.
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Fernando Carrillo Anzures.
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INEGI.
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. INEGI, 1 gener 2008, p. 58?. GGKEY:7RW9JRC6244.
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Santiago Wigberto Bueno Lopez; Eddie Bevilacqua
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. Editorial Academica Espanola, abril 2012.
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. Bib. Orton IICA / CATIE, p. 9?. GGKEY:4CUZ3RHQHAS.
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Leonidas Vega Condori.
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. Universidad distrital "Francisco Jose de Caldas," Facultad de ingenieria forestal, 1965.
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A. E. Squillace.
Classification of Pinus Patula, P. Tecunumanii, P. Oocarpa, P. Caribaea Var. Hondurensis, and Related Taxonomic Entities
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Jessica Dawn Palmer.
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C.L. Diaz Luna.
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Carlos Reiche C..
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ISBN 978-9977-57-110-2
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Jose Delgadillo; Jose Delgadillo Rodriguez
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United States. Forest Service.
Four-leaf Pinon: Pinus Quadrifolia Parl
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Aljos Farjon.
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Hugh H. Genoways; Robert J. Baker
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. National Park Service, 1979, p. 34?.
- ↑
W. S. Dvorak; E. A. Shaw
Five Year Results for Growth and Stem Form of Pinus Tecunumanii in Brazil, Colombia and South Africa
. CAMCORE, North Carolina State University, College of Forest Resources, 1992.
- ↑
Jose Alcina Franch; Miguel Leon Portilla; Eduardo Matos Moctezuma
Azteca Mexica
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ISBN 978-84-7782-203-5
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George Russell Shaw.
The Pines of Cuba: Pinus Tropicalis (Morelet), Pinus Caribaea (Morelet), Pinus Cubensis (Grisebach).
, 1904.
Bases de dades taxonomiques
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