Magnetosfera de Jupiter

Magnetosfera de Jupiter
	Interaccions entre el vent solar i la magnetosfera de Jupiter
Descobriment
Descoberta per	Pioneer 10
Data de descobriment	desembre de 1973
Camp intern
Radi	71.492 km
Moment magnetic	1,56 × 10 20 T· m³
Intensitat del camp equatorial	428 μT (4,28 G )
Inclinacio del dipol	~10°
Longitud del pol magnetic	~159°
Periode de rotacio	9h 55m 29,7 ± 0,1s
Parametres del vent solar
Velocitat	400 km/s
Forca del CMI	1 nT
Densitat	0,4 cm ?3
Tipus	Intrinsec
Distancia del Bow shock	~82 R j
Distancia de la magnetopausa	50?100 R j
Longitud de la magnetocua	mes de 7000 R j
Ions principals	O + , S + i H +
Fonts de plasma	Io , vent solar , ionosfera
Ratio de carrega de massa	~1000 kg/s
Densitat maxima de plasma	2000 cm ?3
Energia maxima de particules	mes de 100 MeV
Aurora
Espectre	radio, infraroig proper , ultraviolat i raigs X
Potencia total	100 TW
Frequencies d'emissio de radio	0,01?40 MHz

La magnetosfera de Jupiter es la cavitat del vent solar creada pel camp magnetic del planeta. S'esten fins a uns set milions de quilometres en direccio al Sol i gairebe fins a l'orbita de Saturn a la direccio oposada, i es la magnetosfera planetaria mes gran i potent del sistema solar . L'existencia del camp magnetic de Jupiter va ser observada en observacions de radio al final de la decada del 1950 i va ser observada directament per la sonda Pioneer 10 el 1973.

El camp magnetic intern de Jupiter esta generat per corrents electrics del nucli extern, que esta compost d' hidrogen metal·lic . Les erupcions volcaniques del satel·lit jovia Io ejecten grans quantitats de dioxid de sofre a l'espai, formant un gran torus de gas al voltant del planeta. El camp magnetic de Jupiter fa que hagi de girar amb la mateixa velocitat angular i direccio que el planeta. El torus, al seu torn, carrega el camp magnetic amb plasma . De fet, la magnetosfera de Jupiter agafa la forma segons el plasma d'Io i la seva propia rotacio, mentre que la de la de la Terra ve donada pel vent solar . Els corrents de la magnetosfera generen aurores permanents al voltant dels pols del planeta i intenses emissions de radio variables, que fa que es pugui dir que Jupiter es un pulsar de radio molt feble. Les aurores de Jupiter s'han observat en gairebe totes les parts de l' espectre electromagnetic , incloent l' infraroig , el visible , l' ultraviolat i els raigs X tous.

Referencies [ modifica ]

↑ Smith , 1974
↑ Khurana , 2004, pp. 3?5
↑ Russel , 1993, p. 694
↑ Zarka , 2005, pp. 375?377
↑ Blanc , 2005, p. 238 (Table III)
↑ Khurana , 2004, pp. 1?3
↑ Khurana , 2004, pp. 5?7
↑ Bolton , 2002
↑ Bhardwaj , 2000, p. 342

Bibliografia [ modifica ]

A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimedia relatiu a: Magnetosfera de Jupiter

Bhardwaj , A.; Gladstone , G.R. ≪ Auroral emissions of the giant planets ≫ (pdf). Reviews of Geophysics , 38, 3, 2000, pag. 295?353. Arxivat de l' original el 2011-06-28. DOI : 10.1029/1998RG000046 [Consulta: 4 desembre 2010].
Blanc , M.; Kallenbach, R.; Erkaev, N.V. ≪ Solar System magnetospheres ≫. Space Science Reviews , 116, 2005, pag. 227?298. DOI : 10.1007/s11214-005-1958-y .
Bolton , S.J.; Janssen, M. et al. ≪ Ultra-relativistic electrons in Jupiter's radiation belts ≫. Nature , 415, 6875, 2002, pag. 987?991. DOI : 10.1038/415987a . PMID : 11875557 .
Burke , B.F.; Franklin, K.L. ≪ Observations of a variable radio source associated with the planet Jupiter ≫. Journal of Geophysical Research , 60, 2, 1955, pag. 213?217. DOI : 10.1029/JZ060i002p00213 .
Burns , J.A.. ≪Jupiter's ring-moon system≫. A: Bagenal, F. et al.. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere . Cambridge University Press , 2004. ISBN 0521818087 .
Clarke , J.T.; Ajello, J. et al. ≪ Ultraviolet emissions from the magnetic footprints of Io, Ganymede and Europa on Jupiter ≫ (pdf). Nature , 415, 6875, 2002, pag. 997?1000. DOI : 10.1038/415997a . PMID : 11875560 .
Cooper , J.F.; Johnson, R.E. et al. ≪ Energetic ion and electron irradiation of the icy Galilean satellites ≫ (pdf). Icarus , 139, 2001, pag. 133?159. Arxivat de l' original el 2009-02-25. DOI : 10.1006/icar.2000.6498 [Consulta: 4 desembre 2010]. Arxivat 2007-09-26 a Wayback Machine .
Cowley , S.W.H.; Bunce, E.J. ≪ Origin of the main auroral oval in Jupiter's coupled magnetosphere?ionosphere system ≫. Planetary and Space Science , 49, 2001, pag. 1067?66. DOI : 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00167-7 .
Cowley , S.W.H.; Bunce, E.J. ≪ Modulation of Jovian middle magnetosphere currents and auroral precipitation by solar wind-induced compressions and expansions of the magnetosphere: initial response and steady state ≫. Planetary and Space Science , 51, 2003, pag. 31?56. DOI : 10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00130-7 .
Drake , F.D.; Hvatum, S. ≪ Non-thermal microwave radiation from Jupiter ≫. Astronomical Journal , 64, 1959, pag. 329. DOI : 10.1086/108047 .
Elsner , R.F.; Ramsey, B.D. et al. ≪ X-ray probes of magnetospheric interactions with Jupiter's auroral zones, the Galilean satellites, and the Io plasma torus ≫ (pdf). Icarus , 178, 2005, pag. 417?428. Arxivat de l' original el 2019-06-19. DOI : 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.06.006 [Consulta: 4 desembre 2010]. Arxivat 2019-06-19 a Wayback Machine .
Fieseler , P.D.; Ardalan, S.M. et al. ≪ The radiation effects on Galileo spacecraft systems at Jupiter ≫ (pdf). Nuclear Science , 49, 6, 2002, pag. 2739?58. Arxivat de l' original el 2011-07-19. DOI : 10.1086/108047 [Consulta: 4 desembre 2010]. Arxivat 2011-07-19 a Wayback Machine .
Hill , T.W.; Dessler, A.J. ≪ Space physics and astronomy converge in exploration of Jupiter's Magnetosphere ≫. Earth in Space , 8, 1995, pag. 6. Arxivat de l' original el 1997-05-01 [Consulta: 4 desembre 2010].
Hibbitts , C.A.; McCord, T.B.; Hansen, T.B. ≪ Distribution of CO₂ and SO₂ on the surface of Callisto ≫. Journal of Geophysical Research , 105, E9, 2000, pag. 22,541?557. DOI : 10.1029/1999JE001101 .
Johnson , R.E.. ≪Radiation Effects on the Surfaces of the Galilean Satellites≫. A: Bagenal, F. et al.. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere . Cambridge University Press , 2004. ISBN 0521818087 [Consulta: 4 desembre 2010].
Khurana , K.K.. ≪The configuration of Jupiter's magnetosphere≫. A: Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B.. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere . Cambridge University Press , 2004. ISBN 0521818087 . Arxivat 2014-03-19 a Wayback Machine .
Kivelson , M.G. ≪ The current systems of the Jovian magnetosphere and ionosphere and predictions for Saturn ≫ (pdf). Space Science Reviews . Springer, 116, 2005, pag. 299?318. Arxivat de l' original el 2011-09-29. DOI : 10.1007/s11214-005-1959-x [Consulta: 4 desembre 2010].
Kivelson , M.G.. ≪Magnetospheric interactions with satellites≫. A: Bagenal, F.; Dowling, T.E.; McKinnon, W.B.. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere . Cambridge University Press , 2004. ISBN 0521818087 . Arxivat 2011-09-29 a Wayback Machine .
Krupp , N. ≪Dynamics of the Jovian Magnetosphere≫. A: Bagenal, F. et al.. Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere . Cambridge University Press , 2004. ISBN 0521818087 . Arxivat 2009-02-27 a Wayback Machine .
Krupp , N. ≪ New surprises in the largest magnetosphere of Our Solar System ≫. Science , 318, 5848, 2007, pag. 216?217. DOI : 10.1126/science.1150448 . PMID : 17932281 .
Miller , S.; Aylword, A. and Milliword, G. ≪ Giant planet ionospheres and thermospheres: the importance of ion-neutral coupling ≫. Space Science Reviews , 116, 2005, pag. 319?343. DOI : 10.1007/s11214-005-1960-4 .
Nichols , J.D.; Cowley, S.W.H. and McComas, D.J. ≪ Magnetopause reconnection rate estimates for Jupiter's magnetosphere based on interplanetary measurements at ~5 AU ≫. Annales Geophysicae , 24, 2006, pag. 393?406. DOI : 10.5194/angeo-24-393-2006 .
Palier , L. ≪ More about the structure of the high latitude Jovian aurorae ≫. Planetary and Space Science , 49, 2001, pag. 1159?73. DOI : 10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00023-X .
Russell , C.T. ≪ Planetary Magnetospheres ≫ (pdf). Reports on Progress in Physiscs , 56, 1993, pag. 687?732. DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/56/6/001 .
Russell , C.T. ≪ The dynamics of planetary magnetospheres ≫. Planetary and Space Science , 49, 2001, pag. 1005?1030. DOI : 10.1016/S0032-0633(01)00017-4 .
Russell , C.T.; Khurana, K.K.; Arridge, C.S.; Dougherty, M.K. ≪ The magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn and their lessons for the Earth ≫ (pdf). Advances in Space Research , 41, 2008, pag. 1310?18. Arxivat de l' original el 2012-02-15. DOI : 10.1016/j.asr.2007.07.037 [Consulta: 4 desembre 2010]. Arxivat 2012-02-15 a Wayback Machine .
Santos-Costa , D.; Bourdarie, S.A. ≪ Modeling the inner Jovian electron radiation belt including non-equatorial particles ≫. Planetary and Space Science , 49, 2001, pag. 303?312. DOI : 10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00151-3 .
Smith , E.J.; Davis, L. Jr. et al. ≪ The Planetary Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere of Jupiter: Pioneer 10 ≫. Journal of Geophysical Research , 79, 1974, pag. 3501?13. DOI : 10.1029/JA079i025p03501 .
Troutman , P.A.; Bethke, K. et al. ≪Revolutionary concepts for Human Outer Planet Exploration (HOPE)≫. American Institute of Physics Conference Proceedings , 654, 28-01-2003, pag. 821?828. DOI : 10.1063/1.1541373 [Consulta: 10 maig 2006].
Williams , D.J.; Mauk, B.; McEntire, R.W. ≪ Properties of Ganymede's magnetosphere as revealed by energetic particle observations ≫. Journal of Geophysical Research , 103, A8, 1998, pag. 17,523?534. DOI : 10.1029/98JA01370 .
Wolverton, M.. The Depths of Space . Joseph Henry Press, 2004. ISBN 9780309090506 .
Zarka , P.; Kurth, W.S. ≪ Auroral radio emissions at the outer planets: Observations and theory ≫. Journal of Geophysical Research , 103, E9, 1998, pag. 20,159?194. DOI : 10.1029/98JE01323 .
Zarka , P.; Kurth, W.S. ≪ Radio wave emissions from the outer planets before Cassini ≫. Space Science Reviews , 116, 2005, pag. 371?397. DOI : 10.1007/s11214-005-1962-2 .

[Smith-1] Smith , 1974

[Khurana3-2] Khurana , 2004, pp. 3?5

[Russell1993-694-3] Russel , 1993, p. 694

[Zarka375-4] Zarka , 2005, pp. 375?377

[Blanc238-5] Blanc , 2005, p. 238 (Table III)

[Khurana1-6] Khurana , 2004, pp. 1?3

[Khurana5-7] Khurana , 2004, pp. 5?7

[Bolton-8] Bolton , 2002

[Bhardwaj342-9] Bhardwaj , 2000, p. 342

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[9]

Missions d'exploracio a Jupiter
Orbitadors	Galileo Juno
Sondes de descens	Sonda de descens Galileo
Sobrevols	Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Ulysses Cassini?Huygens New Horizons
Missions planejades	Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022) Europa Clipper (2025)
Sobrevols proposats	Uranus Orbiter
Missions proposades	FIRE (2024) Io Volcano Observer (2021) Laplace-P (2023) OKEANOS (2027) Smara (2030)
Cancel·lats / Conceptes	Argo (proposat) Cassini-Huygens (retirat) Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace Jupiter Europa Orbiter Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter Jupiter and Trojan Asteroid Explorer Europa Lander Europa Orbiter Innovative Interstellar Explorer Jovian Europa Orbiter Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter Neptune Orbiter New Horizons 2 Pioneer H Missio Tsiolkovsky
Programes	Programa Pioneer Programa Voyager
Relacionats	Exploracio de Jupiter Atmosfera de Jupiter Magnetosfera de Jupiter Satel·lits de Jupiter Io exploracio Europa colonitzacio Ganimedes Cal·listo Anells de Jupiter Xarxa de l'Espai Profund Missions als planetes exteriors Colonitzacio del sistema solar extern

Magnetosfera
Submagnetosfera	Aurora polar Camp magnetic terrestre Circulacio atmosferica Corrent en jet Geosfera Vent polar
Magnetosfera terrestre	Cinturo de Van Allen Corrent d'anell Corrent de Birkeland Cronologia de la magnestosfera Embolcall magnetic Ionosfera Magnetopausa Magnetosfera Moviment de les particules en la magnetosfera Plasmasfera
Vent solar	Camp magnetic interplanetari Corrent heliosferic difus Ejeccio de massa coronal Erupcio solar Heliofunda Heliopausa Heliosfera Meteorologia espacial Nuvol coronal Tempesta geomagnetica Xoc de terminacio Xoc en arc
Satel·lits	Llista completa Cluster II Double Star ERG ; (2016) Geotail IMAGE MMS ; (2015) Polar THEMIS Van Allen Probes WIND
Projectes d'investigacio	HAARP SHARE Unwin Radar SuperDARN
Altres magnestosferes	Ganimedes Lluna Mercuri Jupiter Saturn Ura Neptu
Vegeu tambe	Anells planetaris Jupiter Saturn Ura Neptu Remolins lunars Tub de flux Torus de gas