Mumbai

Mumbai

*Mu?ba?*
Mumbai ; Mu?ba?
Megagrad
	Obrisi Mumbaija Kapije Indije World tornjevi Marine Drive, Mumbai Hotel Taj Mahal Palace Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Bandra?Worli
	Grb
	Nadimak/-ci: Grad snova, Grad sedam ostrva, Indijski Hollywood, Kapija Indije, Maksimalni grad
	Interactive Map Outlining Mumbai
	Koordinate: 19°04′34″N 72°52′39″E / 19.07611°N 72.87750°E
Dr?ava	Indija
Savezna dr?ava	Maharashtra
Okrug	Konkan
Distrikt	Mumbai City
Povr?ina
? Megagrad	603 km 2
? Metropolitansko podru?je	6.328 km 2
Mjesto po povr?ini	1
Nadmorska visina	14m m
Stanovni?tvo (2011)
? Megagrad	12.478.447
? Gusto?a	20.693,94 /km 2
? Metropolitansko podru?je	18.414.288

Mumbai ( ?????? , od Mumbadevi , imena jedne lokalne bo?ice, do 1995. Bombay ?????) glavni grad dr?ave Maharashtra u Indiji i najve?a luka na Arapskom moru i indijskom potkontinentu . Grad je de facto finansijski centar i najnaseljeniji grad Indije sa procijenjenom populacijom (bez pojasa predgrađa) od 12,5 miliona stanovnika, ^[5] dok s predgrađima i sjevernim dijelovima broji 18.414.288 stanovnika. Mumbai le?i na obali Konkan na zapadnoj obali Indije i ima duboku prirodnu luku. Godine 2008. Mumbai je progla?en za alfa svjetski grad. ^[6]^[7]

Sedam ostrva koja ?ine Mumbai ranije su bila dom zajednicama Koli naroda ^[8]^[9]^[10] koji govore maratski jezik . Vijekovima je sedam ostrva Bombaja bilo pod kontrolom uzastopnih domoroda?kih vladara pre nego ?to su ustupljeni Portugalskom carstvu, a potom i Isto?noindijskoj kompaniji 1661. godine, preko miraza Katarine Braganze kada se udala za Engleskog Karla II. ^[11] Beginning in 1782, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, ^[12] Po?ev?i od 1782. godine, Mumbai je preoblikovan projektom Hornby Vellard , ^[12] kojim je poduzeta rekultivacija podru?ja između sedam otoka od mora. ^[13] Zajedno sa izgradnjom glavnih puteva i ?eljeznica, projekat melioracije, zavr?en 1845, pretvorio je Mumbai u veliku pomorsku luku na Arapskom moru . Mumbaj u 19. stolje?u karakterizira ekonomski i obrazovni razvoj. Tokom ranog 20. vijeka postao je jaka baza za indijski pokret za nezavisnost . Nakon indijske nezavisnosti 1947. grad je uklju?en u dr?avu Bombaj. 1960, nakon pokreta Samyukta Maharashtra , stvorena je nova dr?ava Maharashtra s Mumbaijem kao glavnim gradom. ^[14]

Moderni razvoj grada po?inje tek u prvoj polovini 19. vijeka , kada Bombay postaje sjedi?te indijske trgovine. U vrhu zaljeva Back Bay podignut je uz staru hinduisti?ku jezgru niz monumentalnih zgrada (isti?e se ?eljezni?ka stanica Victoria). Otmjene stambene ?etvrti na poluotocima Kobala i Malabar stopile su se du? obala zaljeva u impozantnu cjelinu. Kulturno sredi?te sa univerzitetom (od 1857.), bibliotekama, muzejima, nizom hramova , poznatom "kulom ?utnje" (groblje bogatih Parsa) i drugi. Va?an centar pamu?ne industrije, proizvodnja vune, svile i automobila; metalna, hemijska, drvna, ko?na i prehrambena industrija; prerada nafte; filmska industrija (70% indijske proizvodnje). Na susjednom ostrvu Trombay izgrađen je prvi nuklearni reaktor u Indiji. Moderno uređena luka povezuje Bombay ("vrata Indije", naziv za grad i za monumentalnu građevinu kroz koju se iz luke ulazi u grad) i Indiju sa zapadnim svijetom. Izvozi se pamuk , sjemeno ulje, ri?a , p?enica, manganova ruda; uvozi tekstil i ?eljezo, ?elik, strojeve, ugalj. ?eljezni?kim prugama i cestama Bombay je spojen s dalekim zaleđem. Va?no ?vori?te međunarodnih zrakoplovnih linija.

Mumbai je finansijski, komercijalni, ^[15] i zabvni centar Indije. Također je jedan od deset najve?ih svjetskih trgova?kih centara u smislu globalnog finansijskog toka, ^[16] koji proizvodi 6,16% indijskog BDP-a ^[17] i ?ini 25% industrijske proizvodnje, 70% pomorske trgovine u Indiji (Mumbai Port Trust, Dharamtar Port i JNPT), ^[18] i 70% kapitalnih transakcija indijskoj ekonomiji. ^[19]^[20] U gradu se nalaze va?ne finansijske institucije i korporativna sjedi?ta brojnih indijskih kompanija i multinacionalnih korporacija. Također je dom nekih od vode?ih indijskih nau?nih i nuklearnih instituta. Grad je također dom bolivudske i marati kinematografije. Poslovne mogu?nosti Mumbaija privla?e migrante iz cijele Indije.

Historija [ uredi | uredi izvor ]

U portugalskoj vlasti je od 1534. Od 1661. pod upravom engleske Isto?noindijske kompanije. Od 1708. sjedi?te britanske uprave u Indiji. Brzo se razvija poslije otvaranja Sueskog kanala (1869.). Tu je 1908. do?lo do prvog velikog radni?kog ?trajka u Indiji, koji je vojska ugu?ila u krvi. U oslobođenoj Indiji od 1947. sjedi?te provincije, a od 1956. federalne dr?ave Bombay. 1960. Bombay je postao glavni grad dr?ave Maharashtra.

Reference [ uredi | uredi izvor ]

^ "The Seven Islands" . The Mumbai Pages. 16. 7. 1995. Arhivirano s originala , 26. 10. 2012 . Pristupljeno 27. 10. 2012 .
^ "Indian Cities and Their Nicknames ? Complete List" . 22. 7. 2015.
^ "Mumbai is truly maximum city" . The Economic Times . Pristupljeno 15. 4. 2023 .
^ "Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards ? Population Statistics in Maps and Charts" . Arhivirano s originala, 6. 10. 2014.
^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF) . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Arhivirano s originala (PDF) , 7. 5. 2012 . Pristupljeno 26. 3. 2012 .
^ "The World According to GaWC 2008" . Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) . Loughborough University . Arhivirano s originala, 23. 2. 2011 . Pristupljeno 7. 5. 2009 .
^ "Mumbai | ISAC" . Indiastudyabroad.org. Arhivirano s originala , 12. 5. 2015 . Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2015 .
^ James, V. (1977). "Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis" (PDF) . Asian Folklore Studies . 36 (2): 131?148. doi : 10.2307/1177821 . JSTOR 1177821 . Arhivirano s originala, 2. 12. 2013.
^ Munshi, Kanaiyalal M. (1954). Gujar?t and its literature, from early times to 1852 . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . str. xix. The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujar?t was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.
^ Mehta, R. N. (1983). "Bombay ? An analysis of the toponym". Journal of the Oriental Institute : 138?140. The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.
^ Wynne, S. M. (2004). "Catherine (1638?1705)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . 1 (online izd.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 . Arhivirano s originala, 16. 10. 2015 . Pristupljeno 21. 2. 2015 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ ^a ^b Dwivedi i Mehrotra 2001 , str. 28
^ "Once Upon a Time in Bombay" . Foreign Policy . 24. 6. 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 1. 2015 . Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2012 .
^ "Bombay: History of a City" . British Library . Arhivirano s originala , 13. 2. 2009 . Pristupljeno 8. 11. 2008 .
^ Lakshmi, Rama (14. 4. 2011). "New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes" . The Washington Post . Mumbai. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 6. 2015 . Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2015 .
^ "Mumbai, a land of opportunities" . The Times of India . 20. 7. 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 8. 2014 . Pristupljeno 22. 7. 2011 .
^ "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project" . Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority . Arhivirano s originala , 26. 2. 2009 . Pristupljeno 18. 7. 2008 .
^ "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business" . Rediff.com . Arhivirano s originala , 14. 8. 2010 . Pristupljeno 16. 8. 2010 .
^ "Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)" (PDF) . CIDCO . 2013. str. 7. Arhivirano s originala (PDF) , 8. 8. 2014 . Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2015 .
^ Mahajan, Poonam (26. 7. 2014). "Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story" . DNA India . Mumbai. Arhivirano s originala, 21. 6. 2015 . Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2015 .

Dodatna literatura [ uredi | uredi izvor ]

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Vanjski izvori [ uredi | uredi izvor ]

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Commons ima datoteke na temu: Mumbai

[1] "The Seven Islands" . The Mumbai Pages. 16. 7. 1995. Arhivirano s originala , 26. 10. 2012 . Pristupljeno 27. 10. 2012 .

[2] "Indian Cities and Their Nicknames ? Complete List" . 22. 7. 2015.

[3] "Mumbai is truly maximum city" . The Economic Times . Pristupljeno 15. 4. 2023 .

[4] "Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards ? Population Statistics in Maps and Charts" . Arhivirano s originala, 6. 10. 2014.

[Cities1Lakhandabove-5] "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF) . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Arhivirano s originala (PDF) , 7. 5. 2012 . Pristupljeno 26. 3. 2012 .

[lboro2008-6] "The World According to GaWC 2008" . Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) . Loughborough University . Arhivirano s originala, 23. 2. 2011 . Pristupljeno 7. 5. 2009 .

[7] "Mumbai | ISAC" . Indiastudyabroad.org. Arhivirano s originala , 12. 5. 2015 . Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2015 .

[james_customs-8] James, V. (1977). "Marriage Customs of Christian Son Kolis" (PDF) . Asian Folklore Studies . 36 (2): 131?148. doi : 10.2307/1177821 . JSTOR 1177821 . Arhivirano s originala, 2. 12. 2013.

[munshi-9] Munshi, Kanaiyalal M. (1954). Gujar?t and its literature, from early times to 1852 . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . str. xix. The next immigrants into the islands of Bombay were the Kolis, who on all authorities continued to be their original inhabitants till Aungier founded the city of Bombay. Kathiawad and Central Gujar?t was the home of the Kolis in pre-historic times.

[rnmehta-10] Mehta, R. N. (1983). "Bombay ? An analysis of the toponym". Journal of the Oriental Institute : 138?140. The kolis who succeeded the stone-age men on the island brought with them from Gujarat their patron goddess Mummai whom their descendants still worship in Kathiawar. The name of Bombay is derived from this koli goddess.

[11] Wynne, S. M. (2004). "Catherine (1638?1705)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . 1 (online izd.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 . Arhivirano s originala, 16. 10. 2015 . Pristupljeno 21. 2. 2015 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[Dwivedi_2001_28-12] Dwivedi i Mehrotra 2001 , str. 28

[fp-onceuponatime-13] "Once Upon a Time in Bombay" . Foreign Policy . 24. 6. 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 1. 2015 . Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2012 .

[14] "Bombay: History of a City" . British Library . Arhivirano s originala , 13. 2. 2009 . Pristupljeno 8. 11. 2008 .

[millionaireRoleModel-15] Lakshmi, Rama (14. 4. 2011). "New millionaires hope to serve as role models for India's lower castes" . The Washington Post . Mumbai. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 6. 2015 . Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2015 .

[16] "Mumbai, a land of opportunities" . The Times of India . 20. 7. 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 8. 2014 . Pristupljeno 22. 7. 2011 .

[mmrda_muip_gdp-17] "Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project" . Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority . Arhivirano s originala , 26. 2. 2009 . Pristupljeno 18. 7. 2008 .

[18] "10 worst oil spills that cost trillions in losses : Rediff.com Business" . Rediff.com . Arhivirano s originala , 14. 8. 2010 . Pristupljeno 16. 8. 2010 .

[NMIAtender-19] "Development of Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)" (PDF) . CIDCO . 2013. str. 7. Arhivirano s originala (PDF) , 8. 8. 2014 . Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2015 .

[20] Mahajan, Poonam (26. 7. 2014). "Poonam Mahajan explains why Mumbai is at the very heart of India story" . DNA India . Mumbai. Arhivirano s originala, 21. 6. 2015 . Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2015 .

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