Hronologija klasi?ne mehanike

Hronologija klasi?ne mehanike obuhvata sva zna?ajnija događanja i pronalaske koji se desili od samih po?etaka klasi?ne mehanike do savremenog doba. S obzirom na vremenske periode razvoja, hronologija klasi?ne mehanike se mo?e podijeliti na dva dijela: ranu ili anti?ku mehaniku i klasi?nu mehaniku koja se ?esto naziva i Newtonova mehanika, nazvana u ?ast velikog nau?nika Isaaca Newtona , jednog od najzaslu?nijih za razvoj ove nau?ne discipline.

Rana mehanika [ uredi | uredi izvor ]

4. vijek p.n.e. - Aristotel pronalazi sistem Aristotelove fizike koja je poslije u velikoj mjeri odbijena;
4. vijek p.n.e. - Babilonski astronomi određuju Jupiterov polo?aj koriste?i teoremu srednje brzine; ^[1]
260. godine p.n.e. - Arhimed prou?ava principe poluge i defini?e zakon kasnije nazvan po njemu Arhimedov zakon ;
60. godine - Heron , matemati?ar i in?enjer iz Aleksandrije pi?e djela Metrika i Mehanika (o tome kako podi?i te?e predmete) i Pneumatika (o ma?inama koje radi na principu pritiska fluida);
350. godine - Temistije zaklju?uje da je stati?ko trenje ve?e vrijednosti u odnosu na kineti?ko trenje; ^[2]
6. vijek - Johan Filopon navodi da ?e dvije lopte vrlo razli?itih te?ina pasti skoro istom brzinom. On stoga testira princip ekvivalentnosti;
1021. - El-Biruni koristi ortogonalne koordinate za opisivanje polo?aja ta?ke u prostoru. ^[3] Na taj na?in je odredio i polo?aje mnogih grdova ?irom muslimanskog svijeta;
1000. - 1030. godine - Alhazen i Ibn-Sina razvijaju koncepte inercije i koli?ine kretanja , zna?ajne koncepte mehanike;
1100. - 1138. Ibn Bad?d?e otkriva koncept reakcije sile ; ^[4]
1100. - 1165. - Ebu Barakat el Bagdadi otkriva da je sila proporcionalna ubrzanju a ne brzini ?to predstavlja fundamentalni zakon klasi?ne mehanike; ^[5]
1121. - Ebu Feth el Hazini objavljuje djelo Knjiga balansa mudrosti , u kojoj razvija principe gravitacije pri ?emu predla?e koncept koji se zasniva na tome da vrijednost gravitacije zavisi od rastojanja u odnosu na centar univerzuma. aof gravity at-a-distance . He suggests that the gravity varies depending on its distance from the center of the universe, u ovom slu?aju Zemlje; ^[6]
1340. - 1358. - Jean Buridan razvija teoriju impetusa;
14. vijek - Oksfordski mislioci i francuski saradnici dokazuju teoriju srednje brzine;
14. vijek - Nicole Oresme izvodi zakon koji je zasnovan na vremenskim razmacima za jednako ubrzane promjene. ^[7] Međutim, Oresme smatra ovo otkri?e kao ?isto intelektualnu vje?bu koja nema relevantnost za opis bilo kakvog prirodnog fenomena, pa samim tim nije uspio da prepozna bilo kakvu vezu sa kretranjem ubrzavaju?eg tijela; ^[8]
1500. - 1528. - Al-Birjandi razvija teoriju kru?ne inercije kako bi objasnio Zemljinu rotaciju ; ^[9]
16. vijek - Domingo de Soto predla?e teoriju kojom se sugeri?e da tijela koja padaju kroz homogeni medij jednako ubrzavaju. ^[10]^[11] Soto, međutim, nije predvidio mnoge kvalifikacije i pobolj?anja sadr?ane u Galileovoj teoriji tijela koja padaju. Osim toga, na primjer, nije prepoznao, kao Galileo, da bi tijelo padalo pri strogo jednakim ubrzanjem samo u vakuumu , i da bi u drugom slu?aju eventualno postiglo jedinstvenu terminalnu brzinu ;
1581. - Galileo Galilei navodi vremensko svojstvo klatna;
1589. - Galileo Galilei koristi kotrljanje kugli niz nagnutu ravan kako bi objasnio da razli?ite te?ine padaju sa istim ubrzanjem;
1638. - Galileo Galilei objavljuje djelo Razgovori i matemati?ki prikazi dva nova znanja u mehanici (pri ?emu misli na nauku o materijalima i kinematiku ), gdje između ostalog razvija i Galijejevu transformaciju ;
1645. - Ismael Bullialdus tvrdi da gravitacija slabi kao inverzni kvadrat udaljenosti; ^[12]
1651. - Giovanni Battista Riccioli i Francesco Maria Grimaldi otkrivaju Coriolisov efekat , tj. Coriolisovu silu;
1658. - Christiaan Huygens eksperimentalno dolazi do zaklju?ka da loptice postavljene bilo gdje unutar obrnute cikloide dođu do najni?e ta?ke cikloide istovremeno i time eksperimentalno dokazao da je cikloida izohrona;
1668. - John Wallis predla?e zakon o koli?ini kretanja ;
1676. - 1689. - Gottfried Leibniz razvija koncept vis viva (?ive sile), ograni?enu teoriju Zakona o?uvanja energije ;

Formiranje klasi?ne mehanike (ponekad se naziva i Newtonova mehanika) [ uredi | uredi izvor ]

1687. - Isaac Newton objavljuje djelo Matemati?ki principi prirodne filozofije ( engleski : Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy ) u kojem formuli?e Newtonove zakone kretanja i Newtonov zakon gravitacije ;
1690. - Jacob Bernoulli predstavlja cikloidu kao rje?enje tautohrone krive;
1696 - Johann Bernoulli predstavlja cikloidu kao rje?enje brahistohrone krive;
1707. - Gottfried Leibniz vjerovatno razvija princip najmanje akcije;

Reference [ uredi | uredi izvor ]

^ Ossendrijver, Mathieu (29 Jan 2016). "Ancient Babylonian astronomers calculated Jupiter's position from the area under a time-velocity graph" . Science . 351 (6272): 482?484. Bibcode : 2016Sci...351..482O . doi : 10.1126/science.aad8085 . PMID 26823423 . Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016 .
^ Sambursky, Samuel (2014). The Physical World of Late Antiquity . Princeton University Press. str. 65?66. ISBN 9781400858989 .
^ O'Connor, John J. ; Robertson, Edmund F. , "Al-Biruni" , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews CS1 odr?avanje: nepreporu?eni parametar ( link ) .:
One of the most important of al-Biruni's many texts is Shadows which he is thought to have written around 1021. [...] Shadows is an extremely important source for our knowledge of the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. It also contains important ideas such as the idea that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion, using three rectangular coordinates to define a point in 3-space, and ideas that some see as anticipating the introduction of polar coordinates.
^ Shlomo Pines (1964), "La dynamique d’Ibn Bajja", in Melanges Alexandre Koyre , I, 442-468 [462, 468], Paris.
(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [543]: " Pines has also seen Avempace's idea of fatigue as a precursor to the Leibnizian idea of force which, according to him, underlies Newton's third law of motion and the concept of the "reaction" of forces. ")
^ Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barak?t al-Baghd?d? , Hibat Allah". Dictionary of Scientific Biography . 1 . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. str. 26?28. ISBN 0-684-10114-9 . :
(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [528]: Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Bagdadi (c.1080- after 1164/65) extrapolated the theory for the case of falling bodies in an original way in his Kitab al-Mu'tabar (The Book of that Which is Established through Personal Reflection). [...] This idea is, according to Pines, "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion]," and is thus an "anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration]." )
^ Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science , Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [621], Routledge , London and New York
^ Clagett (1968, p. 561), Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-04880-2 .
^ Grant, 1996, p.103 ).
^ F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context 14 (1-2), p. 145?163. Cambridge University Press .
^ Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56671-1 , p. 198
^ Wallace, William A. (2004). Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-964-0 (pp.II 384, II 400, III 272)
^ Ismail Bullialdus, Astronomia Philolaica … (Paris, France: Piget, 1645), page 23.

[1] Ossendrijver, Mathieu (29 Jan 2016). "Ancient Babylonian astronomers calculated Jupiter's position from the area under a time-velocity graph" . Science . 351 (6272): 482?484. Bibcode : 2016Sci...351..482O . doi : 10.1126/science.aad8085 . PMID 26823423 . Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016 .

[2] Sambursky, Samuel (2014). The Physical World of Late Antiquity . Princeton University Press. str. 65?66. ISBN 9781400858989 .

[MacTutor-3] O'Connor, John J. ; Robertson, Edmund F. , "Al-Biruni" , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews CS1 odr?avanje: nepreporu?eni parametar ( link ) .:
One of the most important of al-Biruni's many texts is Shadows which he is thought to have written around 1021. [...] Shadows is an extremely important source for our knowledge of the history of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. It also contains important ideas such as the idea that acceleration is connected with non-uniform motion, using three rectangular coordinates to define a point in 3-space, and ideas that some see as anticipating the introduction of polar coordinates.

[4] Shlomo Pines (1964), "La dynamique d’Ibn Bajja", in Melanges Alexandre Koyre , I, 442-468 [462, 468], Paris.
(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [543]: " Pines has also seen Avempace's idea of fatigue as a precursor to the Leibnizian idea of force which, according to him, underlies Newton's third law of motion and the concept of the "reaction" of forces. ")

[5] Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barak?t al-Baghd?d? , Hibat Allah". Dictionary of Scientific Biography . 1 . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. str. 26?28. ISBN 0-684-10114-9 . :
(cf. Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas 64 (4), p. 521-546 [528]: Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Bagdadi (c.1080- after 1164/65) extrapolated the theory for the case of falling bodies in an original way in his Kitab al-Mu'tabar (The Book of that Which is Established through Personal Reflection). [...] This idea is, according to Pines, "the oldest negation of Aristotle's fundamental dynamic law [namely, that a constant force produces a uniform motion]," and is thus an "anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of classical mechanics [namely, that a force applied continuously produces acceleration]." )

[6] Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science , Vol. 2, p. 614-642 [621], Routledge , London and New York

[7] Clagett (1968, p. 561), Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-04880-2 .

[8] Grant, 1996, p.103 ).

[Ragep-9] F. Jamil Ragep (2001), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context 14 (1-2), p. 145?163. Cambridge University Press .

[10] Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56671-1 , p. 198

[11] Wallace, William A. (2004). Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-964-0 (pp.II 384, II 400, III 272)

[12] Ismail Bullialdus, Astronomia Philolaica … (Paris, France: Piget, 1645), page 23.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]