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?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????-?????? ??? ???????? ^[?], ????? ????? ?????? ^[?], ?????? ^[?], ??? ????? ???????????? ^[?] ??????? ?????

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??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????????, ????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? , ???? , ??? , ??? , ????? , ???? , ??????? ????????

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The founder of the
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Indo-Greek Kingdom , Demetrius I "the Invincible" (205?171 BCE), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquests in India.

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In 321 BCE, exiled general Chandragupta Maurya , under direct patronage of the genius of Chanakya , founded the Maurya dynasty after overthrowing the reigning king Dhana Nanda . Most of the subcontinent was united under a single government for the first time under the Maurya rule. Mauryan empire under Chandragupta would not only conquer most of the Indian subcontinent, but also push its boundaries into Persia and Central Asia , conquering the Gandhara region. Chandragupta Maurya is credited for the spread of Jainism in southern Indian region.

Chandragupta was succeeded by his son Bindusara , who expanded the kingdom over most of present day India, barring Kalinga , and the extreme south and east, which may have held tributary status. Bindusara's kingdom was inherited by his son Ashoka the Great who initially sought to expand his kingdom. In the aftermath of the carnage caused in the invasion of Kalinga , he renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of non-violence or ahimsa after converting to Buddhism. The Edicts of Ashoka are the oldest preserved historical documents of India, and from Ashoka's time, approximate dating of dynasties becomes possible. The Mauryan dynasty under Ashoka was responsible for the proliferation of Buddhist ideals across the whole of East Asia and South-East Asia, fundamentally altering the history and development of Asia as a whole. Ashoka's grandson Samprati adopted Jainism and helped spread Jainism .

Coin of the Roman emperor Augustus found at the Pudukottai hoard. [[British Museum]].

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??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????-????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????-??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? (???-??? ????????????????) ? ?????????? (???-??? ????????????????) ? ??????????? (???-??? ????????????????) ? ????????? (???-??? ????????????????) ? ????????? (???-??? ????????????????) ? ?????????? (???-??? ????????????????) ? ???? ? ?????????? ? ?????? ? ???????? (??-?? ????????????????)

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↑ Mudur, G.S. "[ http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050321/asp/knowhow/story_4481256.asp Still a mystery]", KnowHow , The Telegraph , March 21 2005? ??????? ?????? 2007-05-07?
↑ [ http://www.gsi.gov.in/homonag.htm The Hathnora Skull Fossil from Madhya Pradesh, India]. Multi Disciplinary Geoscientific Studies . Geological Survey of India : ([[20 September]] 2005). ????????? 2007-05-07.
↑ ????:Cite journal
↑ ????:Cite journal See map on page 263
↑ Indian Archaeology, A Review. 1958-1959. Excavations at Alamgirpur. Delhi: Archaeol. Surv. India, pp. 51?52.
↑ ????:Cite journal
↑ Kenoyer, Jonathan ( 15 September 1998). Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization . USA: Oxford University Press, p96. ISBN 0195779401 .

????? ?????? [ ???? ]

Allan, J. T. Wolseley Haig, and H. H. Dodwell, The Cambridge Shorter History of India (1934)
Chandavarkar, Raj. The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India: Business Strategies and the Working Class in Bombay 1900-1940 (1994)
Cohen, Stephen P. India: Emerging Power (2002)
Danielou, Alain. A Brief History of India (2003)
Das, Gurcharan. India Unbound: The Social and Economic Revolution from Independence to the Global Information Age (2002)
Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period ; published by London Trubner Company 1867?1877. (Online Copy: The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867?1877 - This online Copy has been posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List )
Keay, John. India: A History (2001)
Kishore, Prem and Anuradha Kishore Ganpati. India: An Illustrated History (2003)
Kulke, Hermann and Dietmar Rothermund. A History of India. 3rd ed. (1998)
Mahajan, Sucheta. Independence and partition: the erosion of colonial power in India , New Delhi [u.a.] : Sage 2000, ISBN 0-7619-9367-3
Majumdar, R. C. , H.C. Raychaudhuri, and Kaukinkar Datta. An Advanced History of India London: Macmillan. 1960. ISBN 0-333-90298-X
Majumdar, R. C. The History and Culture of the Indian People New York: The Macmillan Co., 1951.
Mcleod, John. The History of India (2002)
Rothermund, Dietmar. An Economic History of India: From Pre-Colonial Times to 1991 (1993)
Smith, Vincent. The Oxford History of India (1981)
Spear, Percival. The History of India Vol. 2 (1990)
Thapar, Romila. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (2004)
von Tunzelmann, Alex. Indian Summer (2007). Henry Holt and Company, New York. ISBN 0-8050-8073-2
Wolpert, Stanley. A New History of India 6th ed. (1999)

????? ????? [ ???? ]

History of India at www.indohistory.com

[1] Mudur, G.S. "[ http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050321/asp/knowhow/story_4481256.asp Still a mystery]", KnowHow , The Telegraph , March 21 2005? ??????? ?????? 2007-05-07?

[2] [ http://www.gsi.gov.in/homonag.htm The Hathnora Skull Fossil from Madhya Pradesh, India]. Multi Disciplinary Geoscientific Studies . Geological Survey of India : ([[20 September]] 2005). ????????? 2007-05-07.

[3] ????:Cite journal

[possehl-4] ????:Cite journal See map on page 263

[5] Indian Archaeology, A Review. 1958-1959. Excavations at Alamgirpur. Delhi: Archaeol. Surv. India, pp. 51?52.

[Leshnik-6] ????:Cite journal

[7] Kenoyer, Jonathan ( 15 September 1998). Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization . USA: Oxford University Press, p96. ISBN 0195779401 .

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