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????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????... [??????? ????? ???] ????? ? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ^[?]

?????????? ?? ????????? ????-?????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????: ^[?]

???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ??? ‘???????’? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ??? ‘???????’?

????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????-????????? ??? ???????-?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? “????? ??????? ????????? ?????” ("the earliest system of Buddhist doctrine")? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ^[?] ?? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????

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‘??????’ ?????? ‘???’ ? ‘???’ ???????? ?????? ????? ‘???’ ?????? ???? ‘???????’, ‘??????’, ‘?????’, ‘?????????’, ‘?????????’ ?? ‘???????????’? ^[?] ???????? ‘???’ ??????? ???? ‘????’? ????? ???? ???? ‘????????? ??’ ?????? ??????? ^[?] ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????-?????? ??????? (????-??) ‘???’ ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ‘???’ ??????? ???? ?? “??????, ???????????, ??????????, ????????, ?????????, ???????? ? ?????”?

???????? ? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ‘??????’ ??????? ?????? ?????? ‘??????? ???’ (小 ????? ‘???????’, 乘 ????? ‘???’)? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ‘??????’ ??????? ?????? ( ???? ?????? ) ??? ?????? ‘???????’ ?? ‘?????’ ??? ??????? ^[?] ???????? ??????? ?????? ‘??????’ ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ‘??????? ???’ ^[?] ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ‘????? ???’ ?? ‘????? ?????????? ??’? ^[?]

???????? ?????? ?????? ??, ‘??????’ ???? ?????? ‘???’ ???? ??????? ???? ? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????, “??????? ??????, ?????? ? ??????? ? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ‘??????’ ??????? ??????? ???? ‘????? ???’ [????] ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????” ^[??]

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?? ??????? ??? ????, ‘??????’ ??????? ????? ?????? ‘??????’ ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ‘?????????????’ ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ‘??????’ ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???, ???? ???????????? ‘??????’ ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ‘??????’ ??????? ?????? ???? ^[??] ????????? ????? ???????????????? ‘??????’ ???????? ‘?????????????’ ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????, ?? ???????????? ‘??????’ ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ‘??????’ ? ‘??????’ ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ^[??]

?? ??????????? ???, “[??????] ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???, ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???” ^[??] ????????? ??? ?????? ??, ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??, ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ^[??]

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???? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ‘???’ ? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, “??????? (????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????) [?????] ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????” ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?????? ?????? , ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ^[??] ?? ????????? ???????? ? ???? ???????, “?? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????, ?? ????????? ????” ?????????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ‘??????’ ?? ‘??????’ ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ^[??]

????????? ?????? ? ????????????????? ??, ?????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ???? ???????? ‘??????’ ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????, ‘??????’ ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????-????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ^[?]

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????? ?????? ?????????? ???, “??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? [...] ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ????” ??? ??? ????????????? ?? ‘ ????????? ’ ?????? ??????? ?????, ??-? “???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????” ????? ^[??] ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??, ‘??????’ ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ^[??]

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?????????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ‘?????? ??????’ ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ‘?????? ??????’ ???? ?????? ????? ^[??] ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??, “?????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????” ^[??]

???????? ???????? [ ???????? ]

????? ???? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? “?????-????????? ??????????? [??????????? ????] ??????? ??????” ???? ^[??] ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??, ????????????? ???????? ???? ‘??????’ ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?????-??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??, ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????????? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ^[??]^[??]^[??] ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ^[??]^[??]

?????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??, ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ^[??] ?????????? ????????????? ? ?????????????? ??????? (??? ???????? ???????????? ??????????) ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ^[??]

???????? ?? [ ???????? ]

??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??] ?? ???????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ^[??]^[??] ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ^[??]

??????? [ ???????? ]

↑ ^? ^? Kalu Rinpoche (1995) Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana : p. 15
↑ Kalu Rinpoche (1995) Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana : p. 16
↑ ^? ^? Williams, Paul (2008) Mah?y?na Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations : p. 5
↑ Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford, 1899), Proper Noun: "simpler or lesser vehicle. Name of the earliest system of Buddhist doctrine (opposite to the later Mahayana; see Yana )."
↑ "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit" ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit" ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ "It is also certain that Buddhist groups and individuals in China (including Tibet ), Korea , Vietnam , and Japan have in the past, as in the very recent present, identified themselves as Mahayana Buddhists, even if the polemical or value claim embedded in that term was only dimly felt, if at all.", Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism , 2004, page 492
↑ "Rangjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary:theg chung" ? Rangjung Yeshe Wiki ? Tsadra Foundation?
↑ "Rangjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary:theg dman" ? Rangjung Yeshe Wiki ? Tsadra Foundation?
↑ Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche. Distinguishing Dharma and Dharmata. 1999. p. 113
↑ Nattier, Jan (2003), A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra : p. 174
↑ Nattier, Jan (2003), A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra : p. 172
↑ ^? ^? Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul. Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 3. 2004. p. 43
↑ Nattier, Jan (2003), A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra : p. 193-194
↑ Williams, Paul (2008) Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations : p. 4-5
↑ Williams, Paul (2000) Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition : p. 97
↑ Walser, Joseph (2005) Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture : pp. 41
↑ Walser, Joseph (2005) Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture : pp. 41-42
↑ Isabelle Onians, "Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm," D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford, Trinity Term 2001 pg 72
↑ Jonathan A Silk. What, if anything, is Mahayana Buddhism? Numen 49:4 (2002):335-405. Article reprinted in Williams, Buddhism, Vol III , Routledge, 2005
↑ Baruah, Bibhuti. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. 2008. p. 53
↑ Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. A History of Indian Buddhism: From ??kyamuni to Early Mah?y?na. 2007. p. 121
↑ ""one does not find anywhere else a body of doctrine as organized or as complete as theirs". . . "Indeed, no other competing schools have ever come close to building up such a comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics as the Vaibh??ika." The Sautrantika theory of seeds (bija) revisited: With special reference to the ideological continuity between Vasubandhu's theory of seeds and its Srilata/Darstantika precedents by Park, Changhwan, PhD, University of California, Berkeley, 2007 pg 2
↑ Frank J. Hoffman and Deegalle Mahinda, P?li Buddhism. Routledge Press 1996, page 192.
↑ Richard King, Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought. Edinburgh University Press, 1999, page 86.
↑ Nyanaponika, Nyaponika Thera, Nyanaponika, Bhikkhu Bodhi, Abhidhamma Studies: Buddhist Explorations of Consciousness and Time. Wisdom Publications, 1998, page 42.
↑ Donald S. Lopez and Dge-?dun-chos-?phel, The Madman's Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of the Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel. University of Chicago Press 2006, page 24.
↑ Gil Fronsdal, in Tricycle, posted online on November 8, 2007 ^{[
??????????? ???????? ?????
]}
↑ David Kalupahana, Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna. Motilal Banarsidass, 2006, page 6.
↑ David Kalupahana, Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna. Motilal Banarsidass, 2006, page 24.
↑ Monier-Williams, M. (????)? Buddhism in Its Connexion with Br?hmanism and Hind?ism: And in Its Contrast with Christianity ? John Murray ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ ^? ^? Gombrich, Richard Francis. 1988. Therav?da Buddhism. P. 83
↑ Collins, Steven. 1990. Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Therav?da Buddhism. P.21
↑ ^? ^? Gellner, David N. 2005. Rebuilding Buddhism. P. 14
↑ Swearer, Donald. 2006. Theravada Buddhist Societies. In: Mark Juergensmeyer (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions . P. 83
↑ MacMillan Reference Library of Buddhism, 2004, page 328

??????????? [ ???????? ]

Romila Thapar , Early India from the Origins to AD 1300 Penguin, 2001
Tsongkhapa , The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment , Snowlion, 2000
Paul Williams, Mahayana Buddhism , Routledge, 1989
Andrew Skilton, Concise history of Buddhism . Windhorse, 1999
Donald Lopez, "The H Word", Tricycle: The Buddhist Review , Fall 1995, pp84?85
R. S. Cohen, "Discontented Categories: Hinayana and Mahayana in Indian History", Journal of the American Academy of Religion , 63(1):1-25, 1995
Ryukan Kimura, A Historical Study of the Terms Hinayana and Mahayana and the Origin of Mahayana Buddhism , Indological Book Corp., 1978
A Note on the Use of the Word Hinayana_Sharma_EBS_1976
The Meaning of Hinayana in Northern Ch’an_Zeuschner_EBS_1978

????????? [ ???????? ]

"Theravada - Mahayana Buddhism" Dr. W. Rahula's article
Mahayana - Hinayana - Theravada introduced by Binh Hanson, webmaster of "BuddhaSasana" (www.budsas.org)

[Kalu_Rinpoche_1995_p._15-1] ? ^? Kalu Rinpoche (1995) Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana : p. 15

[Kalu_Rinpoche_1995_p._16-2] Kalu Rinpoche (1995) Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana : p. 16

[Williams,_Paul_2008_p._5-3] ? ^? Williams, Paul (2008) Mah?y?na Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations : p. 5

[4] Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford, 1899), Proper Noun: "simpler or lesser vehicle. Name of the earliest system of Buddhist doctrine (opposite to the later Mahayana; see Yana )."

[5] "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit" ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[6] "Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit" ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[7] "It is also certain that Buddhist groups and individuals in China (including Tibet ), Korea , Vietnam , and Japan have in the past, as in the very recent present, identified themselves as Mahayana Buddhists, even if the polemical or value claim embedded in that term was only dimly felt, if at all.", Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism , 2004, page 492

[8] "Rangjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary:theg chung" ? Rangjung Yeshe Wiki ? Tsadra Foundation?

[9] "Rangjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary:theg dman" ? Rangjung Yeshe Wiki ? Tsadra Foundation?

[Khenchen_Thrangu_Rinpoche,_Dharma_and_Dharmata,_note_5-10] Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche. Distinguishing Dharma and Dharmata. 1999. p. 113

[11] Nattier, Jan (2003), A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra : p. 174

[12] Nattier, Jan (2003), A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra : p. 172

[Williams,_Jane_2004._p._43-13] ? ^? Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul. Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 3. 2004. p. 43

[14] Nattier, Jan (2003), A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra : p. 193-194

[15] Williams, Paul (2008) Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations : p. 4-5

[16] Williams, Paul (2000) Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition : p. 97

[17] Walser, Joseph (2005) Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture : pp. 41

[18] Walser, Joseph (2005) Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture : pp. 41-42

[19] Isabelle Onians, "Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm," D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford, Trinity Term 2001 pg 72

[20] Jonathan A Silk. What, if anything, is Mahayana Buddhism? Numen 49:4 (2002):335-405. Article reprinted in Williams, Buddhism, Vol III , Routledge, 2005

[21] Baruah, Bibhuti. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. 2008. p. 53

[22] Hirakawa, Akira. Groner, Paul. A History of Indian Buddhism: From ??kyamuni to Early Mah?y?na. 2007. p. 121

[23] ""one does not find anywhere else a body of doctrine as organized or as complete as theirs". . . "Indeed, no other competing schools have ever come close to building up such a comprehensive edifice of doctrinal systematics as the Vaibh??ika." The Sautrantika theory of seeds (bija) revisited: With special reference to the ideological continuity between Vasubandhu's theory of seeds and its Srilata/Darstantika precedents by Park, Changhwan, PhD, University of California, Berkeley, 2007 pg 2

[24] Frank J. Hoffman and Deegalle Mahinda, P?li Buddhism. Routledge Press 1996, page 192.

[25] Richard King, Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought. Edinburgh University Press, 1999, page 86.

[26] Nyanaponika, Nyaponika Thera, Nyanaponika, Bhikkhu Bodhi, Abhidhamma Studies: Buddhist Explorations of Consciousness and Time. Wisdom Publications, 1998, page 42.

[27] Donald S. Lopez and Dge-?dun-chos-?phel, The Madman's Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of the Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel. University of Chicago Press 2006, page 24.

[28] Gil Fronsdal, in Tricycle, posted online on November 8, 2007 ^{[
??????????? ???????? ?????
]}

[29] David Kalupahana, Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna. Motilal Banarsidass, 2006, page 6.

[30] David Kalupahana, Mulamadhyamakakarika of Nagarjuna. Motilal Banarsidass, 2006, page 24.

[google-31] Monier-Williams, M. (????)? Buddhism in Its Connexion with Br?hmanism and Hind?ism: And in Its Contrast with Christianity ? John Murray ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[gombrich-32] ? ^? Gombrich, Richard Francis. 1988. Therav?da Buddhism. P. 83

[33] Collins, Steven. 1990. Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Therav?da Buddhism. P.21

[gellner-34] ? ^? Gellner, David N. 2005. Rebuilding Buddhism. P. 14

[35] Swearer, Donald. 2006. Theravada Buddhist Societies. In: Mark Juergensmeyer (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions . P. 83

[36] MacMillan Reference Library of Buddhism, 2004, page 328

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