| ??????
|
??????
|
??????
|
| A
|
| [
a
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????
M
a
nn
, ?????
g
a
re
|
For many English speakers, the first part of the
ow
sound in
cow
. Found in some dialects of English in
c
a
t
or
f
a
ther
.
|
| [
a
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????????? 他
t
?
, ???????? ??????
f
a
ther
, ????????
c
a
s
a
, ?????
p
a
tte
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
RP
c
u
t
, ???????
Kais
er
slaut
er
n
|
(In transcriptions of English,
[?]
is usually written ?
?
?.)
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
RP
f
a
ther,
?????
p
a
te
, Dutch
b
a
d
|
|
| [
??
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????
C
aen
,
s
an
s
,
t
em
ps
|
????????
[?]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
RP
c
o
t
|
Like
[?]
, but with the lips slightly rounded.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????? ??????
c
u
t
|
Like
[?]
, but without the lips being rounded. (When ?
?
? is used for English, it may really be
[?]
or
[?]
.)
|
| [
æ
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
RP
c
a
t
|
|
| B
|
| [
b
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
b
a
bb
le
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????????
b
wana
|
Like a
[b]
said with a gulp. See
implosive consonant
s.
|
| [
β
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
????????
la
B
amba
, Kinyarwanda
a
b
ana
"children", ?????? 無窮花 [mu?uŋβwa?]
mugung
h
wa
|
Like
[b]
, but with the lips not quite closed.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Nias
simbi
[si?i] "lower jaw"
|
Sputtering.
|
| C
|
| [
c
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????
k
ebap
"
kebab
", Czech s
t
in "shadow", ?????
κ
αι
"and"
|
Between English
t
une
(RP) and
c
ute.
Sometimes used instead for
[t?]
in languages like ??????.
|
| [
c
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????
I
ch
|
More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than
[x]
. Some English speakers have a similar sound in
h
uge
. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word "ye" as in "Hear ye!".
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????????? 西安
X
i'an
, Polish
?
ciana
|
More y-like than
[?]
; something like English
sh
e.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
O
|
|
| D
|
| [
d
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
d
a
d
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????????
D
o
d
oma
|
Like
[d]
said with a gulp.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????? ??????
har
d
er
|
Like
[d]
with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|
| [
ð
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
th
e, ba
th
e
|
|
| [
dz
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
a
dds
, Italian
z
ero
|
|
| [
d?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
j
u
dg
e
|
|
| [
d?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Polish
nie
d?
wied?
"bear"
|
Like
[d?]
, but with more of a y-sound.
|
| [
d?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Polish
d?
em
"jam"
|
Like
[d?]
with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|
| E
|
| [
e
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
????????
f
e
;
?????
cl
e
, ???????
Kl
ee
|
Similar to English
h
e
y
, before the y sets in.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Australian English
b
ir
d
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
a
bove,
?????? ??
[????]
(thug)
"thief"
|
(Only occurs in English when not stressed.)
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????? ??????
runn
er
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
b
e
t
|
|
| [
??
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????
S
ain
t-Etienne
,
v
in
,
m
ain
|
????????
[?]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
RP
b
ir
d
(long)
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????? ??????
b
ir
d
|
|
| F
|
| [
f
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
f
un
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
J
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
J
|
|
| G
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
g
a
g
|
(Should look like
 . No different from a Latin "g")
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????????
U
g
anda
|
Like
[?]
said with a gulp.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
|
Like
[?]
, but further back, in the throat. Found in
Persian
and some ???? dialects for
/q/
, as in
Muammar Gaddafi
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
Z
|
English
bei
g
e.
|
| H
|
| [
h
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????? ??????
h
ouse
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
a
h
ead,
when said quickly.
|
|
| [
?
]
|
|
The extra puff of air in English
top
[t??p]
compared to
stop
[st?p], or to ????? or ????????
[t]
.
|
| [
ħ
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???? ?
????????
?
Mu
h
ammad
|
Far down in the throat, like
[h]
, but stronger.
|
| [
?
]
(
???? ???? "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" ????? ?????? ??????
)
|
see under
Y
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
L
|
|
| I
|
| [
i
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
s
ea
, ?????
v
i
lle
, ????????
Valladol
i
d
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
s
i
t
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??? ты "you"
|
Often used for unstressed English
ros
e
s.
|
| J
|
| [
j
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
y
es, hallelu
j
ah,
???????
J
unge
|
|
| [
?
]
|
In ???
Л
е
н
ин
[?l?en??n]
|
Indicates a sound is more y-like.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
????????
ca
y
o
(some dialects)
|
Like
[j]
, but stronger.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????
g
or
"see", Czech
d
ira "hole"
|
Between English
d
ew
(RP) and
ar
g
ue.
Sometimes used instead for
[d?]
in languages like ??????.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????????
j
ambo
|
Like
[?]
said with a gulp.
|
| K
|
| [
k
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
ki
ck
, s
k
ip
|
|
| L
|
| [
l
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
l
eaf
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
woo
l
??? ма
л
ый
[?m???j]
"small"
|
"Dark" el.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Welsh
ll
wyd
[???d]
"grey"
Zulu
hl
ala
[?aːla]
"sit"
|
By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in
Welsh
placenames like
Ll
ango
ll
en
and
Ll
ane
ll
i
and
Nelson Mandela
's Xhosa name
Roli
hl
a
hl
a.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
|
Like
[l]
with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|
| [
?
]
(
???? ???? "Alveolar lateral flap.ogg" ????? ?????? ??????
)
|
|
A flapped
[l]
, like
[l]
and
[?]
said together.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Zulu
dl
a
"eat"
|
Rather like
[l]
and
[?]
, or
[l]
and
[ð]
, said together.
|
| M
|
| [
m
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
m
i
m
e
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
sy
m
phony
|
Like
[m]
, but lips touch teeth as they do in
[f]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
W
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
W
|
|
| N
|
| [
n
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
n
u
n
|
|
| [
ŋ
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
si
ng
, M?ori
ng
a
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
????????
Pe
n
a,
?????
champa
gn
e
|
Rather like English
ca
ny
on
(
/nj/
said quickly).
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????? ????
[??ru?]
Varu
n
a
|
Like
[n]
with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Castilian ????????
Do
n
Juan
[do??χwan]
|
Like
[ŋ]
, but further back, in the throat.
|
| O
|
| [
o
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
????????
n
o
,
?????
eau
, ???????
B
o
den
|
Somewhat reminiscent of ???????? ??????
n
o
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????
O
ldenburg
, ?????
Gar
o
nne
|
|
| [
??
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????
Ly
on
,
s
on
|
????????
[?]
.
|
| [
ø
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????
f
eu
,
b
œu
fs
, ???????
G
oe
the
|
Like
[e]
, but with the lips rounded like
[o]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Dutch
h
u
t
, ?????
j
e
, Swedish
d
u
m
|
Halfway between
[o]
and
[ø]
. Similar to
[?]
but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with ?
?
? or ?
œ
?, whereas the ????? vowel is typically transcribed with ?
?
?.
|
| [
œ
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????
b
œu
f
,
s
eu
l
, ???????
G
o
ttingen
|
Like
[?]
, but with the lips rounded like
[?]
.
|
| [
œ?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????
br
un
,
parf
um
|
????????
[œ]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
|
|
| [
θ
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
Others
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
Others
|
|
| P
|
| [
p
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
pi
p
|
|
| Q
|
| [
q
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???? ?
??????
?
Q
ur’?n
|
Like
[k]
, but further back, in the throat.
|
| R
|
| [
r
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
????????
pe
rr
o,
Scots
bo
rr
ow
|
"Rolled R". (Often used for other rhotics, such as English
[?]
, when there's no ambiguity.)
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
????????
pe
r
o,
Tagalog
dali
r
i
, Malay
kaba
r
, ???????? ??????
ki
tt
y/ki
dd
ie
|
"Flapped R".
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Dutch
r
ood
and ???????
r
ot
(some speakers)
|
A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of ?????.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????? ?????
[s?ː?iː]
"sari"
|
Like flapped
[?]
, but with the tongue curled back.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
RP
bo
rr
ow
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????????? 人民日?
R
enmin
R
ibao
"People's Daily", ???????? ??????
bo
rr
ow, butt
er
|
Like
[?]
, but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????
Pa
r
is
, ???????
R
iemann (some dialects)
|
Said back in the throat, but not trilled.
|
| S
|
| [
s
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
s
a
ss
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
sh
oe
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????????? 少林
(
Sh
aolin)
, ??? Пу
ш
кин
(Pu
sh
kin)
|
Acoustically similar to
[?]
, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|
| T
|
| [
t
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
to
t
, s
t
op
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????? ??
[????]
(thug)
"thief"
|
Like
[t]
, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|
| [
ts
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
ca
ts
,
???
ц
арь
ts
ar
|
|
| [
t?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
ch
ur
ch
|
|
| [
t?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????????? 北京 B?i
j
?ng (
listen
ⓘ
), Polish
ci
ebie
"you"
|
Like
[t?]
, but with more of a y-sound.
|
| [
t?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????????? ?正
zh
?n
zh
eng
, Polish
cz
as
|
Like
[t?]
with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|
| U
|
| [
u
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????? ??????
f
oo
d
, ?????
v
ou
s
"you", ???????
Sch
u
macher
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
f
oo
t
, ???????
B
u
ndesrepublik
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Australian English
f
oo
d
(long)
|
Like
[?]
, but with the lips rounded as for
[u]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
???? ???? "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" ????? ?????? ??????
)
|
see under
Y
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
W
|
|
| V
|
| [
v
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
v
er
ve
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????? ????
[??ru??]
"Varuna"
|
Between
[v]
and
[w]
. Used by some ???????s and ???s for
v/w
, and by some speakers of British English for
r
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
Y
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
Y
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
A
|
|
| W
|
| [
w
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
w
ow
|
|
| [
?
]
|
|
Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English
r
ain
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
wh
at
(some dialects)
|
like
[h]
and
[w]
said together
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????
kay
ı
k
"caique",
Scottish Gaelic
gaol
|
Like
[u]
, but with the lips flat; something like
[?]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
????????
a
gu
a
|
|
| X
|
| [
x
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Scottish English
lo
ch
, ???????
Ba
ch
,
???
х
ороший
[x??ro??j]
"good", ????????
j
oven
|
between
[k]
and
[h]
|
| [
χ
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
northern Standard Dutch
S
ch
eveningen
, Castilian ????????
Don
J
uan
[do??χwan]
|
Like
[x]
, but further back, in the throat. Some ??????? and ???? speakers have
[χ]
for
[x]
.
|
| Y
|
| [
y
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?????
r
u
e
, ???????
B
u
low
|
Like
[i]
, but with the lips rounded as for
[u]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???????
D
u
sseldorf
|
Like
[?]
, but with the lips rounded as for
[?]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???? ?
??????
?
gh?l?
and ?????????
gh
ali
"expensive", ????????
sue
g
ro
|
Sounds rather like ?????
[?]
or between
[?]
and
[h]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
??????????? 河南
H
e
nan
,
Scottish Gaelic
taigh
|
Like
[o]
but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of
[?]
and
[?]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Italian
ta
gli
atelle
|
Like
[l]
, but more y-like. Rather like English
vo
l
ume.
|
| [
?
]
(
???? ???? "Labial-palatal approximant.ogg" ????? ?????? ??????
)
|
?????
l
u
i
|
Like
[j]
and
[w]
said together.
|
| Z
|
| [
z
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
z
oo
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
vi
si
on,
?????
j
ournal
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
old-styled ??? по
зж
е
[?po?ːe]
"later", Polish
?
le
|
More y-like than
[?]
, something like
bei
ge
y.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???
ж
ир "fat"
|
Like
[?]
with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
see under
L
|
|
| Others
|
| [
θ
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
th
igh, ba
th
|
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
富士
[??d?i]
F
uji
, M?ori
[??aː?eː?nuiː]
wh
arenui
|
Like
[p]
, but with the lips not quite touching
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
uh-oh, Hawai
‘
i,
???????
die Angst
|
The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in
bu
tt
on
[?b??n?]
, or between vowels across words:
Deus ex machina
[?de??s???ks?m?ːk?n?]
; in some nonstandard dialects, in
a apple
[???æpl?]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
???? ?
????????
?
?
arab?
"????"
|
A light sound deep in the throat.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
tsk-tsk!
or
tut-tut!,
Zulu
i
c
i
c
i
"earring"
|
(The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including
[k?],
[??],
[ŋ?]
. The Zimbabwean MP
N
c
ube
has this click in his name, as did
C
etshwayo
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
English
tchick! tchick!,
Zulu
i
x
o
x
o
"frog"
|
(The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including
[k?],
[??],
[ŋ?]
. Found in the name of the
X
hosa
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Zulu
i
q
a
q
a
"polecat"
|
(The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including
[k?],
[??],
[ŋ?]
.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
?’Amkoe
?
oa
"two"
|
Like a kissing sound.
|
| [
?
]
(
?????
ⓘ
)
|
Khoekhoe
?g
?-am?na
[?aa?am???a?a?] "to put in the mouth"
|
Like an imitation of a chewing sound.
|