???????????
???? ????
???????? ???????
, ???? ????????? ???????, ?? ???? ???-????? ???????, ?????????????? ?????, ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????-???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????, ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????
?????????
, "???????????" ??
?????????????
???? ????? ??? ????
[?]
[?]
[?]
[?]
???? ???? ????, ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????????
??????????, ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????, ???? ????????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???, ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????
?????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ??????????? ???? ???????
??????
???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????
???????????????
???? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????, ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????
[?]
???????????????
???????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ???, ????? ????????? ??????? (?? ???????? ????? ???) ???????? ?????? ???????? ????
???????????
??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????
???-?????????? ??????????
, ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????, ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????, ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ??????, ????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????
????????? ????????
, ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????, ??????? ? ???????
??????
?????? ?????? ??? ?????
????
??????
??????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??, ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? (
???????
?????????? ????? ????) ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????
[?]
[?]
??????????? ??????????, ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????
????? ????????? ????
[
????????
]
????????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??
?????????????
? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???
???????????????
?????
??????? ??????
?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? - ???? ?? ?????????? ????
???????
? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? (?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???, ????
??????????
??? ??????? ????)? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??? ????? (??????????? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????) ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? (???? ??????, ???????? ??????????) ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? (?????????? ????, ?-???????? ??????????)? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???, ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????
???????? ?????? ??????
[
????????
]
????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ?????? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???????????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? (???? ????? ?? ??????????)?
?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????
[
????????
]
???????? ?????? ??????? ???????
[
????????
]
- ??????????
:
??????????????
- ?????
:
?????????? ?????????????
? ????
?????????????
(?????????);
????? ??????
(?????: ????? ??????, ????????????);
???? ????
(???: ???? ????; ????????? ?????)
- ?????
:
- ????? ????? ???? (?????):
?????? ????????????? ???????????????
(??????? ?????, '????? ??????? ??????????')
- ??????? ???? (?????):
???????? ?????????? ???????????????
(??????? ?????, '??????? ??????? ??????????')
- ??????, ??????????:
???????????
- ???????????
: Министър-председател (?????????:
?????????-????????????
, ??????? ????? '??????? ??????????')
- ???????
:
- ???????????
????:
????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ??'??????????
(??????? ?????: '??????????? ??????? ????? ??????')
- ??????? ???????????? ???? (?????):
???????????/-? ??? ????? ????????
- ????????????
???? (?????):
???????????/-? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ???????????
(??????? ?????: '???????????? ??????????????? ???????????')
- ??????????????
???? (?????):
???????????/-? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????????????
(??????? ?????: '?????????????? ??????????????? ???????????')
- '????? ??????' ??? '?????????????' ????????, ??????????: ????????
????? ?? ?????
???
???????? ??????????
??
????????
??????????
- ????:
- ????? ?????????????? ???? : ?理 (
z?ngl?
)
- ???
:
P?edseda vlady
(??????? ?????: '??????? ???????????')
- ?????
:
???????????????
(??????? ????: '??????????????')
- ???
:
- ??????????????
????? ???????? ????:
???????-???????????
,
?????? ?????????
(??????? ?????, '????? ???????') ??
??????????
- ???????????
????? ???????? ????, ??? '?????????????' ?????? ??????????:
?????? ?????????
??
??????????
- ???????????
:
???????????
- ?????
:
Paaministeri
- ????????
- ??????????
??????? ? ????? ???????? ???? (???????????) :
Pangulo ng Pilipinas
- ?????:
- ???????,
?????????
??? ??????? ????: ????????? ????????????? ; ??????????? ????????????? ; ??????? ????????????? :
?????????? ?????????
??
??????????
??????????, ?????????? '?????????????' ???? ????????
- ???????????????
????:
Conseil Federal
(??????? ?????, '??????? ????????', ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???)
- ????????????
(?????):
???????????/-? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????
(??????? ?????, '???????????? ?????????? ??????')
- ???????:
- ???????? ???
???????????
????:
????????? ??????????
; ??????????? ?????????? : ?????????????? (??????) / Bundeskanzlerin (fem.)
- ???????????????
????:
Schweizerischer Bundesrat
(??????? ?????, '???? ??????? ????????', ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???)
- '????? ??????' ?????? ??????????:
Regierungschef/-in
- '?????????????' ?????? ??????????:
????????????????????/-??
; ????
?????????? ?????????/-??
- ????????????:
????????? ?????????
('??????? ?????????')
- ?????
: Πρωθυπουργ?? (?????????:
????????????
)
- ??????
:
??? ??????
(?????????:
??? ?????????
)
- ??????/????????????/?????
:
- '????? ??????' ??????, ??????????: ????? ?????? (???????????
??sanapramukha
), ??????? ????: '??????? ??????'
- '?????????????' ??????, ??????????: ?????????? (???????????
?????????????
), ??????? ?????: '???????/?????????????'
- ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? '?????????????'-?? ???? ??????? ??? (??? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???) : ?????-?-????/
???? ????
(??????????? ???????
-
?-??? ), ?????.: '????????? ????/?????????????'
???? ????
?????? ?????????????
(
??????? ??????
) ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? (
??????? ??????
)
- ?????? ?????????????? ????
: ??????? ???????/?????? ?????? (???????????
??????? ?????????????/???? ?? ?????????????), ??????:'?????? ?????????????/?????? ?????????????' (?? ?????? "?????? ????"-?? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????
?????????
?????? ??????? ???);
- '
??????????? ?????????????'-?? ????
:
???? ???? ???????
/
??????? ?? ???? ????
(???????????
Waz?r-?-Azam P?kistan/P?kistan K? Waz?r-?-Azam
), ?? ??????
????
?
??????????
??????
??????????? ??????? ???,
??????
?????? ?????, ?????????? ????/????????? ?? ?????? (?????????
?????????? ?????????????/????????? ?? ?????????????)
- ????????????,
?????????????
, ??????,
???????????
,
???-?-???????
,
???
,
???????
-?-???,
???????
-?-????,
??????????
,
???????
-??-???????
,
??????????
,
??????????
,
??????????
??????
,
???-??-?????
, ???????????,
??????????
, ??????? ???????
?????????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????????
????????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????
- ????????????
:
Miniszterelnok
- ?????: ?????????????? ????:
Taoiseach
- ???????:
- ?????? ????? ???????? ????:
Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri della Repubblica Italiana
(??????? ?????, '??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????')
- ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????:
Primo ministro
??
Prima ministra
(???????? ??? ??????????? ???; ??????? ????? '?????????????')
- ???????????????
????:
????????? ???????
(??????? ?????, '??????? ????????', ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???)
- ??????:
- ??????? ????? ???????? ???? (?????????????): 首相 (
????
)
- ????
:
- ???????????
?????????????? ???? : ??????????????? (
Neayuk rothmontrey
)
- ????????
:
- ????????? :
- ?????????
????? ???????? ????:
??????????
???????????? (??????? ?????, '??????? ??????????')
- ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????:
Premjerministrs
- ?????????????
:
??????????? ???????????
- ?????
:
?????????????
, ?????????????, ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? (??? ??????? ????????, ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? "????????????" ( ????????, ?????,
?????
???
?????????
), ?? ???????? ????? "?????? ???????" ???????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????)?
- ???????
:
????????
, ??????? ?????? ???? "?????????????"?
- ?????
:
?????????
,
[?]
(??????? ?????, '??????????', ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????)
- ????????????
:
???????????????
- ?????
:
- ???????????
????? ???????? ????:
??????? ???? ??????????
('??????? ??????? ??????', ??????? ?????: '??????? ??????? ???????????')
- ?????????? '?????????????' ??????? ????:
??????????
(???????, ????????????????, ??????????? ????? ???????? ????)
- ????????
:
- ?????????
????:
Presidente/-a da Republica Federativa do Brasil
(??????? ?????, '??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????????')
- ??????????
???? ??? ?????????? '?????????????' ???? ??????:
Primeiro-ministro
??
Primeira-ministra
(???????? ??? ??????????? ???, ??????? ????? '?????????????' ?? '????? ???????')
- ??????????
:
Prim-ministru
- ????????:
??????????-???????
- ??????
: ????? ???? ????????????
????????? ?????????
(??????? ????: '?????????? ?????????????')
- ???????
:
Predseda vlady
(??????? ?????: '??????? ???????????')
- ???????
:
??????????? ??????
(??????? ?????: '??????? ???????????')
- ????????:
- ??????? ????? ???????? ????:
Presidente/-a del gobierno de Espana
(??????? ?????: '??????? ??????????')
- ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????:
???????? ??????????
??
???????? ??????????
(???????? ??? ??????? ???; ??????? ????? '?????????????')
- '????? ??????' ??????, ??????????:
???? ??? ??????????
- ?????????
:
??????
- ??????
:
???????????????
("?????????????", ??????? ????: "??????????????")
- ???
:
- ???????????? ????? ???????? (?????????????) ????:
Nayok rathamontri
- ??????
:
????????
???? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????
[
????????
]
??????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? (????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ???????? "???????????" ??????, ??? ???? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???)? ?? ????????, ????????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????, ??????????,
??????, ???????
??
????
?
??????, ????????? ????????????? ??????
?? ???
?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????/???? ??????
??????
???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????????
??? ?? ??????????
??? ???? ???? ??????????? , ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? / ???? ??????? I- ?? ?????
????????? ??????????
, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????
?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???
[
????????
]
???? ???? ????????, ????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????:
??????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????
[
????????
]
???? ???? ????????? ???????????
????? ?????
??? ???????????? ???????????
?????????? ????????
?
???? ????? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????:
???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? (????, ???????????? ) ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? (???? ?????????) ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??
?????????????
??? ???????? ??? ????
????????
????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????
?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????
????????? ??????
??????
??????? ????? ??????
[
????????
]
???? ????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????
????????? ?? ???????
???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ????,
?????????? ???
(??????), ????? ?????? (?????? ???????),
??????? ???????
(??????????), ????? ??????? (
????????????
) ??? ?? ??????? (????????????)?
??????? ??????????, ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???:
- ????? ?????? - ??????? ???????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? - ????? ??? ???, ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???;
- ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???
- ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????
- ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????
- ?????? ???????? ??? ????? (?? ?????? ) ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????; ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? (???? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ) ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???; ??????, ?????? (???? ????????????, ?????), ????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????/?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????
?? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????, ???? ???????? ????? '??????????' ?????? ???? ???, ???????? ????? ???? ??? '?????? ??????' ??????? ????? ???, ???
???-??????????
?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???
???? ????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???; ???? ???? ????????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???, ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? (??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???)?
??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
- ???????, ??????????:
- ?????? ????????? ???????
- ????? ??????
?????
????????? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????
- ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????, ????, ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ? (?? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????)
- ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????????? (?? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????
?????????
????? ????????) ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????, ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??????-??????? ????? ?? ???, ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????
- ?????? - ?? ????????, ??-?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????
- ↑
As in article 7 of the
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
, article 1 of the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents
and the United Nations protocol list)
- ↑
HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ?????????? ???? ??????, Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations (19 October 2012). Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ↑
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969
,
International Law Commission
, United Nations. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ↑
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents 1973
,
International Law Commission
, United Nations. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
- ↑
"Head Of State Vs. Head Of Government: A Guide"
? The Freeman Online? ?? ????????? ????
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
Buckley, Chris; Wu, Adam (?? ????? ????)?
"Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why"
?
New York Times
? ?? ????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????
?
In China, the political job that matters most is the general secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China’s presidency lacks the authority of the American and French presidencies.
- ↑
"China's 'Chairman of Everything': Behind Xi Jinping's Many Titles"
?
The New York Times
? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????
???
???? ??????? ???
? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ????
?
Mr. Xi’s most important title is general secretary, the most powerful position in the Communist Party. In China’s one-party system, this ranking gives him virtually unchecked authority over the government.
- ↑
"大統領(大統領)"
(?????? ??????)? Encyclopedia of Korean Culture
? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
"Pirimia"
?
Maori Dictionary
? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ????
?
- ↑
H.R.H. the Prime Minister
????????? ??????
??????????
?? ????????? ???? ??????. Mofa.gov.bh (20 February 2013). Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ↑
"Sheikh Hasina longest serving female leader in world: Survey"
? Uniindia.com? ????-??-??
? ???????? ????? ????-??-??
?
- ↑
"Survey: Sheikh Hasina tops as longest serving female leader in world"
? ?? ?????????? ?????
- ↑
"Sheikh Hasina world's longest serving female leader"
?