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????????? ????????? ( ???? : 淨土宗; ????? : Jingt?z?ng ; ?????? : ?土?? , ?????????????: J?do bukky? ; ?????? : 淨土宗; ?????????????: Jeongto-jong ???????? ??????? ????? ??????), ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ^[?] ^[?]

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?????????-????????? , ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????-?????????? ?? ??????? ?????-??????? ?? ??????????? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? "????????? ??? ??? , ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????" ????? ?????????? , ?????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? ??? (????????????) ??? ???, ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? "????-?????" (f?men 法門 ??? ????) ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ^[?]

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????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? "?????????" ?? ?????-???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???, ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ^[?] ???? ?????-????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???, ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? "?????" ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????????, ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ^[?] ?????? ?? ?????-???????????? ????? ?????? (?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????) ????? ????? ??? ???? ???, ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????

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???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????, ???? ??? ??? ???????, "????? ???????"? ^[?] ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????, ???? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? (???? ??? ????)? ^[?] ??????? ?????????? , ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???, ?? ??? ???? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????-???? ????? ?????? ^[?] ^[??]

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????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? , ????? , ??????? , ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???? "????????? ?????????" ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???, ?? "????????? ??????" ?? "????????? ??????" (??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????) ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ^[??]

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?????? ?? ??????? ???, ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?? "??? ?-?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???: ???????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????, ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?-???????????? ???????? " ^[??]

????? ????? ??????????, ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ("????? ????????? ?????") ?? ????? ???????????? ????? ( ???? ???? ????? ), ??????????????? ????? ( ??? ????? ) ??? ????????? ???????????? ????? ( ?????? ????? )? ????????????-?????-?????? ???? ???????????? ???, ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????? ^[??] ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???, ???? ???? ?????? nianfo (念佛, "????????????", ??????: ?????????) ??? ??? ??? ?????? (????: ?mituofo , ??????: Amida ) ??? ??????? ??? ???? . ^[??] ??????, ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ???????? ??? ????

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ Amidism, Britannica Online Encyclopedia
↑ Amidism The Columbia Encyclopedia
↑ Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, pp. 10-12. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.
↑ Payne, Richard Karl; Tanaka, Kenneth Kazuo (2004). Approaching the Land of Bliss: Religious Praxis in the Cult of Amitabha , p. 17. University of Hawaii Press.
↑ ^? ^? Williams, Paul (2008). Mah?y?na Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd Edition, p. 215. Routledge.
↑ Williams, Paul (2008). Mah?y?na Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd Edition, p. 216. Routledge.
↑ Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, pp. 33. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.
↑ Nattier, Jan. The Realm of Aksobhya: A Missing Piece in the History of Pure Land Buddhism. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 23 Number 1 2000.
↑ Inagaki, Hisao. The Three Pure Land Sutras. 2003. p. xiv
↑ Harrison, Paul M. Buddhanusmrti in the pratyutpanna-Buddha-sammukhavasthita-samadhi-sutra. Journal of Indian Philosophy 6 (1):35-57 (1978).
↑ Woodhead, Linda (????)? Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations (3rd ???????)? Routledge? ?????? 142?
↑ Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, pp. 31. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.
↑ Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, p. 128. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.
↑ Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, p. 1. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.

[1] Amidism, Britannica Online Encyclopedia

[2] Amidism The Columbia Encyclopedia

[:21-3] Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, pp. 10-12. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.

[:39-4] Payne, Richard Karl; Tanaka, Kenneth Kazuo (2004). Approaching the Land of Bliss: Religious Praxis in the Cult of Amitabha , p. 17. University of Hawaii Press.

[:10-5] ? ^? Williams, Paul (2008). Mah?y?na Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd Edition, p. 215. Routledge.

[Williams,_Paul_2008_p._216-6] Williams, Paul (2008). Mah?y?na Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd Edition, p. 216. Routledge.

[Jones,_Charles_B._2019_pp._33-7] Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, pp. 33. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.

[:42-8] Nattier, Jan. The Realm of Aksobhya: A Missing Piece in the History of Pure Land Buddhism. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 23 Number 1 2000.

[Inagaki-xiv-9] Inagaki, Hisao. The Three Pure Land Sutras. 2003. p. xiv

[:8-10] Harrison, Paul M. Buddhanusmrti in the pratyutpanna-Buddha-sammukhavasthita-samadhi-sutra. Journal of Indian Philosophy 6 (1):35-57 (1978).

[11] Woodhead, Linda (????)? Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations (3rd ???????)? Routledge? ?????? 142?

[:24-12] Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, pp. 31. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.

[13] Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, p. 128. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.

[14] Jones, Charles B. (2019) Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice, p. 1. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.

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