??????????

???????????, ????? ???????? ????
Cesare Beccaria , Dei delitti e delle pene

?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????, ???????? ??? ??? "?????????????? ?????"?

????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? [?] ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???????? ????????, ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? [?]

?? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? "??????????????" ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? [?] ??????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?-??????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? [?] ???? ??????? ??% ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ???? (?????, ????, ??????? ???????????? ? ????????????)? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????? "????????? ?? ? ???????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????"-?? ???????? ??? ???????? [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [??] [??] [??]

??????? [ ???????? ]

  1. "Abolitionist and retentionist countries | Amnesty International" ? Amnesty.org? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  2. "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union" (PDF) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  3. "Amnesty International" ? Amnesty.org? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  4. "moratorium on the death penalty" ? Un.org? ????-??-?? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  5. Aug 13, 2004 (????-??-??)? "Asia Times Online ? The best news coverage from South Asia" ? Atimes.com? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  6. "Coalition mondiale contre la peine de mort ? Indonesian activists face upward death penalty trend ? Asia ? Pacific ? Actualites" ? Worldcoalition.org ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?   [ ??????????? ???????? ????? ]
  7. "No serious chance of repeal in those states that are actually using the death penalty" ? Egovmonitor.com? ????-??-??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  8. "lawmakers-cite-economic-crisis-effort-ban-death-penalty" ? Foxnews.com? ????-??-??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  9. "death penalty is not likely to end soon in US" ? International Herald Tribune? ????-??-??? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  10. "Death penalty repeal unlikely says anti-death penalty activist" ? Axisoflogic.com? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  11. "A new Texas? Ohio's death penalty examined ? Campus" ? Media.www.thelantern.com? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  12. "THE DEATH PENALTY IN JAPAN-FIDH > Human Rights for All / Les Droits de l'Homme pour Tous" ? Fidh.org ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?  
  • Benn, Charles. 2002. China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty . Oxford University Press. ????????   ?-??-??????-? .