???????????, ????? ???????? ????
???????
, ???? ?????????? ???
?????????? ???
??
?????????????? ???
(
??????
:
Heterocyclic compound
) ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? (????????? ???) ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????
???????, ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ?????
??? ???
????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ??????????, ???????
[?]
???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? (??? ????? ????? ???????) ???????? ??????? ??????
[?]
??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ????
[?]
?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????
[?]
?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????
- ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ????????
- ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ????????, ?????
- ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ??????????, ??????, ????????
- ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ???????, ??????????, ??????, ???????????
- ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ????????
- ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????
- ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ??????
- ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????
- ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ????????, ???????????
- ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????
- ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ??????, ??????, ????????
- ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ????????, ??????
?????????? ??????
[
????????
]
?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ??????, ????????, ?????????, ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????
?????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????
???????? ??????
???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??-
- ????: Brugnatelli ????? ??????? ???? alloxan ???????? ?????
- ????: Dobereiner
????????? ???????
????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? furfural (???? ????? ????? ????) ?????? ????
- ????: Rung ?????? ????? ???? (dry distillation) ?????? pyrrole ?????? ????
- ????: Friedlander: Indole ????? ?????? ????
- ????: Treibs ???????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? chlorophyl ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????
- ????: Chargaff ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????? (purines ??? pyrimidines) ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????
- ↑
?
?
?
Textbook of Organic Chemistry, Arun Bahl, B. S. Bahl
- ↑
Organic Chemistry By T. W. Graham Solomons, Craig Fryhle
