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????? ????? :   ????? ????? India   ????????????   ???????????? ?????? ???????   Newfoundland ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????   ??????? (???? ???????) ????????? ??????????   ??????? ????????? ?????????? West Africa ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????:????? ?????? Democratic Republic of Armenia ?????????? (1918) Hejaz   ????? Nejd and Hasa ????	???? ????? :   Ottoman Empire   German Empire   Austria-Hungary [?] [?] Clients: ????? ????? ?????? (???? ????) ?????????? (????) ????????? (1918)
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• Pre-War Period
• 
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????? ???? ?? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??. ?. ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???,??????????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????

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• November 1914
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• December 1914
• 
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? ?????????, ?????? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ??-?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????

? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??% ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????: "?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???"? ^[??]

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????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???, ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????

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• January?March 1915
• 
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• 
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?? ??????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?,??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????

?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? (?????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????) ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????

??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ???, ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???,??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???,??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? (ANZAC Day) ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? , ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????

? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???, ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ^[??]

? ??, ???????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???

???????? ?? ? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ??????????? ????? ??,??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ????????? (??? ????) ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ????

?? ?? ??, ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????

?? ???, ?????????? ????? ????? ?????-?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????

?? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? "???? ??? ?????" ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????

• April?June 1915
• 
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• 
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?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???,??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ????

????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????; ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????????

• July?September 1915
• 
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???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ????, ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????; ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????, ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????

• October?December 1915
• 
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???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ( ??? ???? ) ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????: ?????? ? ??????????? ???, ???? ??????? ????????? ? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????

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???? [ ???????? ]

???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? (???????? ?????-?????? ??????) ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????

????? ? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????

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??. ?. ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? (hit-and-run) ????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ^[??]

? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????-???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????, ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????????????? ???????? (???????????????? ????) ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????-???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ^[??]

??????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ^[??] ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???, ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????, ????, ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????? (????) ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ^[??]

???? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????-??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ^[??] ??,??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?,??? ?????????????, ???????, ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ^[??]

???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ^[??] ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ^[??]

??????? ????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????

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???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? (???????? ?????????? ) ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???: ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ^[??]

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?? ? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????, ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????????, ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ^{[??] [??]} ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????-?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????

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???????????? ????, ???, ????? ?? ???????? ?,???,??? ???? ?,???,??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????????? ???,??? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????, ^[??] ?????-?????????? ???,??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????, ^[??] ??????? ??????? ???,??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ???,??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ???? ^[??] ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????-??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????; ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???,??? ??? ???? ^[??] ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????-??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??,??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ^[??]

??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?,???,??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ^[??] ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???,??? ???? (??,??? ????, ??,??? ??? ???? ???? ????, ???,??? ???? ???? ????), ???,??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ???,??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???, ??? ???,??? ?? ????? ???? ^[??] ???????? ????????? ????????? ??. ??????, ???????? ????????-? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?,???,???: ???,??? ???? / ?????? (??? ???,??? ????, ??,??? ??? ???? ???? ????, ??,??? ??????, ??? ???,??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????), ???,??? ?? ??? (?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???,??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???,??? ??????????? ??????? ???????????; ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???, ??? ??????? ?????? ???) ??? ???,??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ^[??] ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?,???,??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ^[??]

?? ??????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???/??? (?????????, ??????? ??? ???????) ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ?,???,??? ??????? ????????? ???? ????, ???, ??? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ???, ??? "???? ??????-???" ?????? ????? ?,???,??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?.? ??????-? ??? ???? ?????????????? ??,??? ?? ???? ???? ????????, ??? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ????, ?????? ???????, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???,??? ?? ????????? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ??,??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? (?????????? ?????? ??? ?????) ??? ???,??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????  ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????-????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? (???,??? ???? ?,???,???), ????? ????? ??% ????? ???? ??????? (??,???+ ???? ??,???) ???? ???? ^[??]

???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??% ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??,???,??? ??? ?? ????? ??,???,??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????, ???,??? ????? ?????? ????, ???,??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ^[??] ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??.?% (??????? ??????? ?????? ??% ?? ??????? ?.?% ????), ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ^[??] ?.?% ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???,??? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????

??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???, ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? (???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???)? ?? ???????? ??? ????????, ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????????, ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ^[??]

???? ????? [ ???????? ]

????????:Timeline of campaigns during WWI of the Ottoman Empire

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

• ?????? ??????
• ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????, ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????
• ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????

General:

• ???? ???????? ??????? ??????
• ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????

???? [ ???????? ]

1. ↑ In the Battle of Jarrab , the only major battle that the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa participated in during World War I
2. ↑ Total number in the combined Turkish-Azerbaijani Islamic Army of the Caucasus

??????? [ ???????? ]

1. ↑ "Austro-Hungarian Army in the Ottoman Empire 1914?1918" ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?  
2. ↑ Jung, Peter (????)? Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I ? Oxford: Osprey? ??????  47 ? ????????   1841765945 ?  
3. ↑ ^{? ?} Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Re?at (????)? The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World ? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 94? ????????   0521620961 ?  
4. ↑ ^{? ? ?} Erickson, Edward J. (????)? Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study ? Taylor & Francis? ??????  154 ? ????????   0-415-77099-8 ?  
5. ↑ Murphy, p. 26.
6. ↑ Mehmet Bahadir Dorduncu, Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdulhamid II, Tughra Books, 2006, ????????   ?-?????-???-? , page 29. Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere.
7. ↑ ^{? ? ?} Broadberry, S. N.; Harrison, Mark (????)? The Economics Of World War I ? Cambridge University Press? ?????? 117? ????????   0521852129 ?  
8. ↑ Gerd Krumeich: Enzyklopadie Erster Weltkrieg , UTB, 2008, ????????   ?????????? , page 761 (???????) .
9. ↑ A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, M. Sukru Hanioglu, page 181, 2010
10. ↑ Macmunn & Falls 1996, p. 411
11. ↑ Kostiner, Joseph (????)? The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916?1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State ? Oxford University Press? ?????? 28? ????????   0195360702 ?  
12. ↑ Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War By Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ????????   ?????????? , page 211 . Listed below are total Ottoman casualties; they include some 50,000 losses in eastern Europe of which 25,000 were in Galicia , 20,000 in Romania , and a few thousand in Macedonia (p. 142).
13. ↑ James L.Gelvin "The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War " Publisher: Cambridge University Press ????????   ???-?-???-?????-? Page 77
14. ↑ ^{? ?} Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281
15. ↑ The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey Library of Congress Web Archives ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? 2 August 1914
16. ↑ ^{? ?} Hinterhoff, Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia, pp.499?503
17. ↑ ^{? ? ?} The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v.28, p.403
18. ↑ Richard James Popplewell. Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904?1924 Psychology Press, 1995 ????????   ?????????X p 176
19. ↑ ^{? ?} Popplewell, Richard J (????), Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904?1924 , Routledge, ????????   0-7146-4580-X , ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? , ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ????   ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ( link )
20. ↑ J. A. R. Marriott, Modern England: 1885?1945 (4th ed. 1948) p.365
21. ↑ ^{? ?} R. G. Hovannisian. Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 , University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967, pg. 59
22. ↑ Erickson 2001, page 119
23. ↑ Erickson 2001, page 140
24. ↑ Erickson 2001, p. 15-16
25. ↑ Erickson 2001, p. 17
26. ↑ Erickson 2001, p. 7
27. ↑ Erickson 2001, p. 8
28. ↑ The Washington Post, November 12, 1914. "Armenians Join Russians" the extended information is at the image detail )
29. ↑ Joan George "Merchants in Exile: The Armenians of Manchester, England, 1835?1935", p.184
30. ↑ Stanley Elphinstone Kerr. The Lions of Marash: personal experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919?1922 p. 30
31. ↑ The Hugh Chisholm, 1920, Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Company ltd., twelfth edition p.198.
32. ↑ ^{? ?} Avetoon Pesak Hacobian, 1917, Armenia and the War, p.77
33. ↑ ( Shaw 1977 , ??. 314?315)
34. ↑ Richard G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times , p. 244
35. ↑ ^{? ?} ( Erickson 2001 , ??. 97)
36. ↑ Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire , p.Ixvi. Selcuk Ak?in Somel, 2003
37. ↑ ^{? ?} A. F. Pollard , "A Short History Of The Great War" chapter VI: The first winter of the war.
38. ↑ ( Erickson 2001 , ??. 54)
39. ↑ Slot 2005 , ??. 406
40. ↑ ^{? ?} Slot 2005 , ??. 407
41. ↑ Slot 2005 , ??. 409
42. ↑ ^{? ?} ( Pasdermadjian 1918 , ??. 22)
43. ↑ Fromkin, 135.
44. ↑ Peter Mansfield, The British Empire magazine, Time-Life Books, vol 75, p. 2078
45. ↑ ^{? ? ?} A Global Chronology of Conflict , Vol. 4, ed. Spencer Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 1669.
46. ↑ Neil Faulkner, Lawrence of Arabia's War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the , (Yale University Press, 2016), 188.
47. ↑ ^{? ?} Hovannisian, Richard (????)? The Armenian people from Ancient to Modern Times ? New York: St. Martin's Press? ??????  292 ?293? ????????   0312101686 ?  
48. ↑ ^{? ?} Mark Malkasian, Gha-Ra-Bagh: The emergence of the national democratic movement in Armenia , page 22
49. ↑ A Global Chronology of Conflict , Vol. 4, ed. Spencer Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 1658.
50. ↑ Martin Watts, The Jewish Legion during the First World War , (Springer, 2004), 182.
51. ↑ Ernest Tucker, The Middle East in Modern World History , (Routledge, 2016), 138.
52. ↑ Mustafa Kemal Pasha's speech on his arrival in Ankara in November 1919
53. ↑ Sunga, Lyal S. (????-??-??)? Individual Responsibility in International Law for Serious Human Rights Violations ? Martinus Nijhoff Publishers? ????????   0-7923-1453-0 ?  
54. ↑ Bernhardsson, Magnus (????-??-??)? Reclaiming a Plundered Past: archaeology and nation building in modern Iraq ? University of Texas Press? ????????   0-292-70947-1 ?  
55. ↑ Erickson 2001a, p. 94.
56. ↑ Hart, Peter. "The Great War: A Combat History of the First World War". Oxford University Press, 2013. Page 409.
57. ↑ Tucker, Spencer. "World War 1: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection". ABC-CLIO, Oct 28, 2014. Page 1079.
58. ↑ Edward J. Erickson. "Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study". Routledge, 2007. Page 166.
59. ↑ Del Boca, Angelo: Gli italiani in Libia, vol. 1: Tripoli bel suol d’amore 1860?1922, Milan 2010 (1st ed. 1986), p. 298. Refers, among other things, to 5,600 dead, a few thousand wounded and about 2,000 prisoners just for the period January?July 1915.
60. ↑ Mehmet Be?ikci Ottoman mobilization of manpower in the First World War: Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. ????????   ??-??-?????-X pp. 113?114.
61. ↑ Military Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) Page 219.
62. ↑ Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War , by Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Page 211.
63. ↑ Erickson 2001, p. 240
64. ↑ T. J. Mitchell and G.M. Smith. "Medical Services: Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War." From the "Official History of the Great War". Page 15.
65. ↑ Stanford Jay Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, "History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey", Cambridge University page 239-241
66. ↑ Kamer Kasim, Ermeni Arastirmalari, Sayı 16?17, 2005, page 205.
67. ↑ Erickson 2001, p. 234

??????????? [ ???????? ]

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• Pasdermadjian, Garegin ; Aram Torossian (????)? Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War ? Hairenik Pub. Co.? ?????? 45?  
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• Shaw, Stanford Jay ; Shaw, Ezel Kural (????)? History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey ? Cambridge University Press ?  
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??? ????? [ ???????? ]

• Allen, W.E.D. and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828?1921 , Nashville, TN, 1999 (reprint). ????????   ?-?????-???-?
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• Tanielian, Melanie Schulze (????)? Charity of War: Famine, Humanitarian Aid and World War I in the Middle East ? Stanford University Press? ????????   9781503603523 ?  
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• Van Der Vat, Dan. The ship that changed the world ( ????????   ????????????? )
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• Woodward, David R. (????)? Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East ? Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky? ????????   978-0-8131-2383-7 ?  

????????? [ ???????? ]

??????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????

• Yanıkda?, Yucel: Ottoman Empire/Middle East , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War .
• Ba?, Mehmet Fatih: War Losses (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War .
• Maksudyan, Nazan: Civilian and Military Power (Ottoman Empire) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War .
• Criss, Nur Bilge: Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War .
• Smith, Leonard V.: Post-war Treaties (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War .
• The Anglo-Russian Entente:Agreement concerning Persia 1907
• The French , British and Russian joint declaration over the situation in Armenia published on May 24, 1915
• Sykes-Picot Agreement 15 & 16 May 1916.
• The Middle East during World War I By Professor David R Woodward for the BBC
• Turkey in the First World War web site

????????:Ottoman Forces during World War I