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	?????????? ??????? ???????? ; Ptolemaic Kingdom
	?????? ?????? ; ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ; ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ;

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Πτολεμα?κ? βασιλε?α
*Ptolemaik? basileia*
??????? ????? ; Πτολεμα?κ? βασιλε?α ; Ptolemaik? basileia
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???????? ??? ???	???? ; ???????? ; ????????? ; ???????? ; ?????? ; ?????? ; ??????? ; ?????? ; ????? ;

??????? ????? ( / ? t ? l ? ? m e? . ? k / ; ????? ????? : Πτολεμα?κ? βασιλε?α, ??????????. Ptolemaik? basileia) ^[?] ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ^[?] ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?

???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????-??????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ? ??????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ^{[???? ?]}^[?]^[?] ??????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ????? ???????? , ??????????? ? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????

??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ^[?] ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ??????, ???????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ^[?] ???????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????-????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???, ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????

?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ^[?] ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????-????? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ^[?]

??????? [ ???????? ]

↑ Scholars also argue that the kingdom was founded in 304 BC because of different use of calendars: Ptolemy crowned himself in 304 BC on the ancient Egyptian calendar but in 305 BC on the ancient Macedonian calendar ; to resolve the issue, the year 305/4 was counted as the first year of Ptolemaic Kingdom in Demotic papyri .

????????? [ ???????? ]

↑ North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, 323 BC to AD 305 , R. C. C. Law, The Cambridge History of Africa , Vol. 2 ed. J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, (Cambridge University Press, 1979), 154.
↑ Steven Snape (?? ????? ????)? "Estimating Population in Ancient Egypt" ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?
↑ Buraselis, Stefanou and Thompson ed; The Ptolemies, the Sea and the Nile: Studies in Waterborne Power.
↑ Diodorus Siculus , Bibliotheca historica , 18.21.9
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? "Ancient Egypt - Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332?30 bce)" ? Encyclopedia Britannica (?????? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?
↑ Robins, Gay (????)? The Art of Ancient Egypt (Revised ???????)? United States: Harvard University Press? ?????? 10? ???????? 978-0-674-03065-7 ?
↑ Holbl, Gunther (????)? A History of the Ptolemaic Empire ? UK, USA, Canada: Routledge? ?????? 22? ???????? 978-0-415-23489-4 ?
↑ Bagnall, Director of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Roger S. (????)? Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide (?????? ??????)? Getty Publications? ?????? 11?21? ???????? 978-0-89236-796-2 ?

??????????? [ ???????? ]

Burstein, Stanley Meyer (???????? ?, ????)? The Reign of Cleopatra ? University of Oklahoma Press ? ???????? 978-0806138718 ? ???????? ????? ?????? ?, ???? ?
Fletcher, Joann (????), Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend , New York: Harper, ???????? 978-0-06-058558-7 .
Peters, F. E. (????)? The Harvest of Hellenism ? New York: Simon & Schuster ?
Grabbe, L. L. (????)? A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. Volume 2 ? The Coming of the Greeks: The Early Hellenistic Period (335 ? 175 BC) ? T&T Clark? ???????? 978-0-567-03396-3 ?

??? ????? [ ???????? ]

Bingen, Jean. Hellenistic Egypt . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007 (hardcover, ???????? ?-????-????-? ; paperback, ???????? ?-????-????-? ). Hellenistic Egypt: Monarchy, Society, Economy, Culture . Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007 (hardcover, ???????? ?-???-?????-? ; paperback, ???????? ?-???-?????-? ).
Bowman, Alan Keir. 1996. Egypt After the Pharaohs: 332 BC–AD 642; From Alexander to the Arab Conquest . 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press
Chauveau, Michel. 2000. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society under the Ptolemies . Translated by David Lorton. Ithaca: Cornell University Press
Ellis, Simon P. 1992. Graeco-Roman Egypt . Shire Egyptology 17, ser. ed. Barbara G. Adams. Aylesbury: Shire Publications, ltd.
Holbl, Gunther. 2001. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire . Translated by Tina Saavedra. London: Routledge Ltd.
Lloyd, Alan Brian. 2000. "The Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC)". In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt , edited by Ian Shaw. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 395–421
Susan Stephens, Seeing Double. Intercultural Poetics in Ptolemaic Alexandria (Berkeley, 2002).
A. Lampela, Rome and the Ptolemies of Egypt. The development of their political relations 273-80 B.C. (Helsinki, 1998).
J. G. Manning, The Last Pharaohs: Egypt Under the Ptolemies, 305-30 BC (Princeton, 2009).

????????? [ ???????? ]

Map of Ptolemaic Egypt, circa 270 BC

????????:Diadochi

[6] Scholars also argue that the kingdom was founded in 304 BC because of different use of calendars: Ptolemy crowned himself in 304 BC on the ancient Egyptian calendar but in 305 BC on the ancient Macedonian calendar ; to resolve the issue, the year 305/4 was counted as the first year of Ptolemaic Kingdom in Demotic papyri .

[1] North Africa in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods, 323 BC to AD 305 , R. C. C. Law, The Cambridge History of Africa , Vol. 2 ed. J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, (Cambridge University Press, 1979), 154.

[2] Steven Snape (?? ????? ????)? "Estimating Population in Ancient Egypt" ? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ???? ?

[3] Buraselis, Stefanou and Thompson ed; The Ptolemies, the Sea and the Nile: Studies in Waterborne Power.

[4] Diodorus Siculus , Bibliotheca historica , 18.21.9

[:5-5] ? ^? ^? ^? "Ancient Egypt - Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332?30 bce)" ? Encyclopedia Britannica (?????? ??????) ? ???????? ????? ????-??-?? ?

[7] Robins, Gay (????)? The Art of Ancient Egypt (Revised ???????)? United States: Harvard University Press? ?????? 10? ???????? 978-0-674-03065-7 ?

[8] Holbl, Gunther (????)? A History of the Ptolemaic Empire ? UK, USA, Canada: Routledge? ?????? 22? ???????? 978-0-415-23489-4 ?

[9] Bagnall, Director of the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World Roger S. (????)? Egypt from Alexander to the Early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide (?????? ??????)? Getty Publications? ?????? 11?21? ???????? 978-0-89236-796-2 ?

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