???? ?????????? ??? - ??????????? ???????????? ????

???? ?????????? ???

???????????, ????? ???????? ????

???? ?????????? ???

???? ?????????? ??? ( ?????? Thomas Samuel Kuhn, ????? ?? , ????- ??? ?? , ????) ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????

????????? [ ???????? ]

???????????	?????-????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????????
????	???? ???????? ??????? ???????? / ????????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????-???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? (???????????? ????????) ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????
??? ?????	????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????????
?????? ?????	?????-???????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????????
????????? ??????? ????????-????????? ????????? ????????? ???	?-?????????? ???????? (????-?? ???) ?????????? ???? (????)
????????? ????????	??????? ?????-??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????-??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????- ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????-?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????

???????? ????????? ??????

??????	Methodenstreit (1890s) Werturteilsstreit (1909?1959) Positivismusstreit (1960s) Fourth Great Debate in international relations (1980s) Science wars (1990s)
?????	The Course in Positive Philosophy (1830) A General View of Positivism (1848) Critical History of Philosophy (1869) Idealism and Positivism (1879?1884) The Analysis of Sensations (1886) The Logic of Modern Physics (1927) Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) The Two Cultures (1959) The Universe in a Nutshell (2001)
?????? ????????	Richard Avenarius A. J. Ayer Alexander Bogdanov Auguste Comte Eugen Duhring Emile Durkheim Ernst Laas Ernst Mach Berlin Circle Vienna Circle
????????	Materialism and Empirio-criticism (1909) History and Class Consciousness (1923) The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934) The Poverty of Historicism (1936) World Hypotheses (1942) Two Dogmas of Empiricism (1951) Truth and Method (1960) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) Conjectures and Refutations (1963) One-Dimensional Man (1964) Knowledge and Human Interests (1968) The Poverty of Theory (1978) The Scientific Image (1980) The Rhetoric of Economics (1986)
???????	Theodor W. Adorno Gaston Bachelard Mario Bunge Wilhelm Dilthey Paul Feyerabend Hans-Georg Gadamer Thomas Kuhn Gyorgy Lukacs Karl Popper Willard Van Orman Quine Max Weber
?????????? ?????	Knowledge Objectivity Phronesis Truth Verstehen

?? ???????? ????????? ? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????

' https://bn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=????_??????????_???&oldid=6723529 ' ???? ????

??????????????? :

?????? ???????????: