???????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???, ??????? ????, ?? ? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????, ?????? ? ????????? ????? ?? ?????, ????????? ? ???????? (???????????????) ????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ^[?] ??????? ??? ???????? ?.?.???? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ??, ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???-????? ??? ???????? ???????????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ? (?) ???????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? (UNEP) ??????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????, ????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? (?) ?? ?? ??????-? (C J Barrow) ??? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????, ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???????????????? ????

?????? ??? ?????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ???? “????????????? ???????????” (Biological diversity) ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? (Raymond F Dasmann)?

"????????????????” (Biodiversity) ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? (W G Rosen) ? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ? ? ????? (EO Wilson)?

?????????????? ???????????

????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

????? ?????????

) ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? (Genetic variability) ??? ???? ??????? (mutation) ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????- Rauwolfia vomitoria ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? “ ???????????? ????????? ”-?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????- ???? ??? ( Oryza nivara )-? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????

????????? ????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? (Species diversity) ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ??????, ????, ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? (????) ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?.? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ?,??,??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? - ???'? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????

??????????????? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? (Ecosystem diversity) ???? ??????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????, ????????, ????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????

???????? (Whittaker) [????]-?? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ????- (?) ???? ?????????, (?) ???? ?????????, (?) ???? ??????????

???? ?????????

???? ????????? ????????? ???????? (habitat) ????? (???? ??????) ??????? ??????? (species)-? ??? ?????????????? ???? ????????? ( α -Diversity) ??? ????

???? ?????????

???????? ???????????? (???? ?????????) ??? ??????? (regional) ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????? β -Diversity) ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????

???? ?????????

??-???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? (????- ??????? ?????) ????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ( γ -Diversity) ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ???-???????? (Eco Tourism) ???? ???? ????

???????????? ??????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????-???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? (dynamic) ? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???, ???? ?????????? ???, ?????????? ? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????

?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????, ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ????

???????????? ????? [ ???????? ]

???????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ?????

1. ??????? ?????????? ?????
2. ????????, ????????, ???????????, ??????, ??????, ???, ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????
3. ???? ????????? ??? ? ??????? ????????? ?????
4. ??????, ???????, ?????, ????, ??????, ??? ???????, ???, ?????????, ???????? ??????????, ??????? ? ??????????? ?????
5. ?????? ?????? ?????
6. ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? (habitat) ?????? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ????? ???? ?????
7. ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????? (water hyacinth), ????????? (lantana), ???????????? (eucalyptus) ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????

??????? ? ??????? [ ???????? ]

??? ???? ???

??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? (International Union for the Conservation Nature. IUCN) ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? (Red Data Book) ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ??? IUCN-?? ???? ???????? Zoological Survey of India ??? Botanical Survey of India ?????? ????

IUCN ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? 1,42,500 ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ??? -

1. ????? (Extinct Ex)
2. ???? ??????? ????? (Extinct in the Wild) [????? EW]
3. ??? ?????? (Critically Endangered) [????? CR) : ??
4. ?????? (Endangered) [????? EN]
5. ????????? (Vulnerable) [????? VUJ]
6. ?????? ?????? ????? (Near Threatened) [????? NJ
7. ?????????? ??????? (Least Concern) ????? [L.C]
8. ?????? ????? (Data Deficient) [????? DD]
9. ?????????? ?? ??????????? (Not Evaluated) [????? NE]

????? ???? ???

?? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????????? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ??? (Green Data Books) ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?

??????? ???? ???

?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ???? ??? (Black Data Book) ????

|

????????? [ ???????? ]