?????? ?????

??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ( ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? , ???????? ?????????? ???????????? , ??? ??? ?? ?????? , ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????-????????? ????? ????? ??????) ^[?] ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????- ?????? ????? ?????? ??,???????? (??,??????) ????? ^[?] ??? ?????? ???????? (??????) ??????? ???????? ^[?]

?????? ???-?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???-?? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ????????????, ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ^[?]

?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????: ????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? (???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ) ?????, ?????? ??? ?????? ^[?] ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ^[?] ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? , ???????????? ???, ??????-?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????

?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???-?? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ^[?]

?????? ???-? ???????? ???-????? ??????????? ?????? (??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???-?????????) ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ^[?] ^[?] ^[??] ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???-?? ?????????????? ^[??] ?????? ???-?? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ^[??] ^[??]

?????? ???-? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????; ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ^[?] ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ^[??] ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ^[??]

??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???-? ???????? ^[??] ?? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? (???? ?????? ????? ??????? ), ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ??????, ???????? , ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ^[?] ???????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???-? ?????? ????, ???? ???????????? ????? ??????????? (???? Plosky Tolbachik ), ??? ???????? ???????? (???? ???????? )?

??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ( ?,?????? ???? ??,?????? ), ?? ?????? ???-?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????-???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???-?? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ( ?,?????? ???? ??,?????? ), ?? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????

??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???-?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ^[??] ^[??] ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??% ^[??] ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??% ^[??] ?????? ??? ????? ???? ^[??] ^[??] ^[??]

????????? ????????

↑ ???????? : cinturon de fuego del Pacifico, anillo de fuego del Pacifico ; ????? : Lingkaran api Pasifik ; ??????????? : Cincin Api Pasifik ; ???????? : Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko ; ???? : ?太平洋火山? Huan Taipingyang Hu?sh?n Dai ; ??? : Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо , ?????????????:? Tikhookeanskoye vulkanicheskoye ognennoye kol'tso ; ?????? : 環太平洋火山? , ?????????????:? Kantaiheiy? kazan-tai or 環太平洋造山? Kantaiheiy? z?zantai .
↑ "What is the Ring of Fire?" ? NOAA ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?
↑ Stern, Robert J.; Bloomer, S. H. (????)? "Subduction zone"? ????? : 10.1036/1097-8542.757381   ?
↑ Disagreement about the Ring of Fire's exact geographic boundaries affects statistics such as how many volcanoes are in the Ring of Fire and how many earthquakes occur in the Ring of Fire.
↑ "Moving slabs" ? This Dynamic Earth ? USGS? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ?
↑ Decker, R.W.; Decker, B.B. (????)? Mountains of Fire: The Nature of Volcanoes ? Cambridge University Press? ??????? 23 ? ???????? 978-0521321761 ?
↑ Klemetti, E. (?? ????????? ????)? "No, the "Ring of Fire" is Not a Real Thing" ? Discover ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?
↑ ^? ^? ^? "Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.3.4" ? Smithsonian Institution ? ????? ????? : 10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013 ?
↑ Siebert, L; Simkin, T. (????)? Volcanoes of the World (3rd ???????)? ???????68?
↑ The exact number of volcanoes depends on the geographic boundaries used by the source.
↑ Oppenheimer, Clive (????)? "Appendix A" ? Eruptions that Shook the World ? Cambridge University Press? ???????355?363? ???????? 978-0-521-64112-8 ?
↑ Decker, Robert; Decker, Barbara (????)? "The Eruptions of Mount St. Helens": 68?81? ??????? 24964328 ? ????? : 10.1038/scientificamerican0381-68 ?
↑ Macdonald, G.A. (????)? Volcanoes ? Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall? ??????? 346 , 430?445? ???????? 9780139422195 ?
↑ Macdonald (1972) listed 361 historically active volcanoes in the Ring of Fire (or 398 historically active volcanoes if the western islands of Indonesia are included). ^[??]
↑ Pappas, Stephanie (?? ??????????? ????)? "The lost continent of Zealandia hides clues to the Ring of Fire's birth" ? Live Science ?
↑ Schellart, W. P. (???????? ????)? "Andean mountain building and magmatic arc migration driven by subduction-induced whole mantle flow" : 2010? ????? : 10.1038/s41467-017-01847-z ? ???????? 29222524 ? ?????? 5722900   ?
↑ "DESCRIPTION: "Ring of Fire", Plate Tectonics, Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction Zones, "Hot Spots " " ? vulcan.wr.usgs.gov ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????
↑ if Antarctica and the western islands of Indonesia are excluded and the Izu, Bonin, and Mariana Islands are included.
↑ Duda, Seweryn J. (??????? ????)? "Secular seismic energy release in the circum-Pacific belt": 409?452? ????? : 10.1016/0040-1951(65)90035-1 ?
↑ "Ring of Fire" ? USGS? ????? ??, ???? ? ???????? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?
↑ "Where do earthquakes occur?" ? USGS? ?? ??, ????? ????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?
↑ excluding the Antarctic Peninsula and the western islands of Indonesia
↑ "Earthquakes FAQ" ? U.S. Geological Survey? ????????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????
↑ "Earthquakes Visual Glossary" ? U.S. Geological Survey?

[1] ???????? : cinturon de fuego del Pacifico, anillo de fuego del Pacifico ; ????? : Lingkaran api Pasifik ; ??????????? : Cincin Api Pasifik ; ???????? : Singsing ng Apoy ng Pasipiko ; ???? : ?太平洋火山? Huan Taipingyang Hu?sh?n Dai ; ??? : Тихоокеанское вулканическое огненное кольцо , ?????????????:? Tikhookeanskoye vulkanicheskoye ognennoye kol'tso ; ?????? : 環太平洋火山? , ?????????????:? Kantaiheiy? kazan-tai or 環太平洋造山? Kantaiheiy? z?zantai .

[NOAA_ROF-2] "What is the Ring of Fire?" ? NOAA ? ???????? ????? ? ???????? ???? ?

[SternBloomer2020-3] Stern, Robert J.; Bloomer, S. H. (????)? "Subduction zone"? ????? : 10.1036/1097-8542.757381   ?

[4] Disagreement about the Ring of Fire's exact geographic boundaries affects statistics such as how many volcanoes are in the Ring of Fire and how many earthquakes occur in the Ring of Fire.

[:5-5] "Moving slabs" ? This Dynamic Earth ? USGS? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ?

[Decker&Decker_1991-6] Decker, R.W.; Decker, B.B. (????)? Mountains of Fire: The Nature of Volcanoes ? Cambridge University Press? ??????? 23 ? ???????? 978-0521321761 ?

[Klemetti2018-7] Klemetti, E. (?? ????????? ????)? "No, the "Ring of Fire" is Not a Real Thing" ? Discover ? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?

[GVPDatabase2020-8] ? ^? ^? "Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.3.4" ? Smithsonian Institution ? ????? ????? : 10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-2013 ?

[Siebert_etal_2010-9] Siebert, L; Simkin, T. (????)? Volcanoes of the World (3rd ???????)? ???????68?

[10] The exact number of volcanoes depends on the geographic boundaries used by the source.

[:4-11] Oppenheimer, Clive (????)? "Appendix A" ? Eruptions that Shook the World ? Cambridge University Press? ???????355?363? ???????? 978-0-521-64112-8 ?

[12] Decker, Robert; Decker, Barbara (????)? "The Eruptions of Mount St. Helens": 68?81? ??????? 24964328 ? ????? : 10.1038/scientificamerican0381-68 ?

[Macdonald_1972_Active_List-13] Macdonald, G.A. (????)? Volcanoes ? Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall? ??????? 346 , 430?445? ???????? 9780139422195 ?

[14] Macdonald (1972) listed 361 historically active volcanoes in the Ring of Fire (or 398 historically active volcanoes if the western islands of Indonesia are included). ^[??]

[Pappas2020-15] Pappas, Stephanie (?? ??????????? ????)? "The lost continent of Zealandia hides clues to the Ring of Fire's birth" ? Live Science ?

[Schellart_2017-16] Schellart, W. P. (???????? ????)? "Andean mountain building and magmatic arc migration driven by subduction-induced whole mantle flow" : 2010? ????? : 10.1038/s41467-017-01847-z ? ???????? 29222524 ? ?????? 5722900   ?

[17] "DESCRIPTION: "Ring of Fire", Plate Tectonics, Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction Zones, "Hot Spots " " ? vulcan.wr.usgs.gov ? ????-??-?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????

[18] Antarctica and the western islands of Indonesia are excluded and the Izu, Bonin, and Mariana Islands are included.

[Duda1965-19] Duda, Seweryn J. (??????? ????)? "Secular seismic energy release in the circum-Pacific belt": 409?452? ????? : 10.1016/0040-1951(65)90035-1 ?

[:0-20] "Ring of Fire" ? USGS? ????? ??, ???? ? ???????? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?

[:1-21] "Where do earthquakes occur?" ? USGS? ?? ??, ????? ????? ?, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ??? ??, ???? ?

[22] xcluding the Antarctic Peninsula and the western islands of Indonesia

[:2-23] "Earthquakes FAQ" ? U.S. Geological Survey? ????????? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????

[:3-24] "Earthquakes Visual Glossary" ? U.S. Geological Survey?

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