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??? ???? ????? ? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? 2006 ??? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? [1]

????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? , ????? , ?????? , ???? , ???????? , ??? , ?????? (????) ???? ???????? (????) ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????

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????? ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????

????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????????? (332,900 ?????? ?? ?????) [2] ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ? ??? ???????? ???? ???? [3] ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ( ?????? ???? ) ?? ??? ??? ????? [4]

????? ??-?????? ?? ???-???????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???-???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????-??? ???? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????, ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? 85% ?????? ????? [5] [6]

????? ???????? I ???? ???; ???? ?? ??????? ???????? II ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? (?????? ???????? ??? ????) ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? [7] ????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? (?????????) ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??, ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? "????" ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? [8]

??????? ??????? [ ?????? ???? ]

??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????????? ???? ? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? [9] ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ????; ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? (??????) ???????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? (??? ?? ????) ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? (??????? ????) ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? 5 ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? (???? 700 ?????? ???????? ?? 70 ????? ????????) ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? [10]

????? ???? [ ?????? ???? ]

????? ??? ??: ???????????? ???? ??? ????????? ? ???????? ????
????? ????, ????? ?? ??????: ?????? , ???? , ????? , ? ??? (?????? ?????? ???? ???)?

??? ?? ????? ???? (??? ???????) ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???; ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? - ??????, ? ????? ??? - ?????, ?? ??????? ??? ???, ? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? - ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? (?????, ???? ? ??????) ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??; ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? (inner planet) ???? ?? ??? ???? ( inferior planet ) ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? (??? ? ?????) ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????

??? [ ?????? ???? ]

??? (0.307?0.588 AU (45.9?88.0 ?????? ????; 28.5?54.7 ?????? ???) ??? [11] ) ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? (0.055 MEarth) ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? [12] ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???-??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????-??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? [13] [14] ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? [15] [16]

"?????????" ??, ??? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??, ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? [17] [18]

????? [ ?????? ???? ]

????? (????? ?? 0.718?0.728 AU (107.4?108.9 ?????? ????; 66.7?67.7 ?????? ???) ???? ?? [11] ) ???? ??? ?????? (0.815  M Earth ) ?? ????? ?? ? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ???????? ???????? ????, ? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ???, ??? ?? ?????? 400 °C (752 °F) ?? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? [19] ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????, ? ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? [20] ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??, ???? ? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? 70 ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? [21]

?????? [ ?????? ???? ]

?????? (????? ?? 0.983?1.017 AU (147.1?152.1 ?????? ????; 91.4?94.5 ?????? ???) ?? ???? ??) ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ????? [22] ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? [23] ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? 21% ????? ??????? ???? ????? [24] [25] ?? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??, ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? [26] ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??, ???????, ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????

???? [ ?????? ???? ]

???? (????? ?? 1.382?1.666 AU (206.7?249.2 ?????? ????; 128.5?154.9 ?????? ???) ???? ??) ?????? ? ????? (0.107  M Earth ) ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????? 6.1 ??????? (0.088 psi; 0.18 inHg) ????; ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? 0.6% ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? [27] ??? ??? ?? ??????????, ???? ?? ????? ????, ? ????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ?????????, ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? 20 ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? [28] ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? (???) ?? ???? ???? [29] ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???-??? ????????? ?????? (?????? ? ?????) ?????? ????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ??? ??????????? [30] ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? [31]

????? ??????? [ ?????? ???? ]

??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? (????????) ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ????, ??????? ? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????

????? ???? [ ?????? ???? ]

??? ?? ????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????, ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? 99% ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?????? ?? ????????? ?? 400 ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? (??? ?????) ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ????????? 20 ?????? ????????? ( M Earth ) ?? ?? ?? ? ? ? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ????-??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????

?????? ???? [ ?????? ???? ]

????? ???: ?????? ????
Comet Hale?Bopp seen in 1997

?????? ???? ?? ???????, ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ? ???? ?? ?? ???????? (????????) ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? (??? ?? ??? ??? ?????) ???? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ????: ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??, ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???

????????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??, ???? ?? ???????, ?? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????, ???? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??, ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??, ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????

??? ???? ??? [ ?????? ???? ]

?????? [ ?????? ???? ]

  1. ↑ "??? ????? ??? ???? ? ???????: ???????? 5 ? 6" (PDF) (???????? ???) IAU 2006 General Assembly (International Astronomical Union).
  2. ↑ "Sun: Facts & Figures" . NASA. Archived from the original on 2 January 2008 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 .
  3. ↑ Zirker, Jack B. (2002). Journey from the Center of the Sun . Princeton University Press. pp. 120?127. ISBN   978-0-691-05781-1 .
  4. ↑ "Why is visible light visible, but not other parts of the spectrum?" . The Straight Dome. 2003 . Retrieved 14 ?? 2009 .
  5. ↑ Than, Ker (30 January 2006). "Astronomers Had it Wrong: Most Stars are Single" . SPACE.com . Retrieved 1 August 2007 .
  6. ↑ Smart, R. L.; Carollo, D.; Lattanzi, M. G.; McLean, B.; Spagna, A. (2001). Hugh R. A. Jones; Iain A. Steele (eds.). The Second Guide Star Catalogue and Cool Stars . Springer. p. 119. Bibcode : 2001udns.conf..119S . {{ cite conference }} : Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored ( help )
  7. ↑ T. S. van Albada; Norman Baker (1973). "On the Two Oosterhoff Groups of Globular Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal . 185 : 477?498. Bibcode : 1973ApJ...185..477V . doi : 10.1086/152434 .
  8. ↑ Charles H. Lineweaver (9 ????? 2001). "An Estimate of the Age Distribution of Terrestrial Planets in the Universe: Quantifying Metallicity as a Selection Effect". Icarus . 151 (2): 307?313. arXiv : astro-ph/0012399 . Bibcode : 2001Icar..151..307L . doi : 10.1006/icar.2001.6607 .
  9. ↑ "Inner Solar System" . NASA Science (Planets). Archived from the original on 11 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2009 .
  10. ↑ "Frost line or snow line or ice line in the solar system" .
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Williams, David (27 December 2021). "Planetary Fact Sheet - Metric" . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved 11 December 2022 .
  12. ↑ Watters, Thomas R.; Solomon, Sean C.; Robinson, Mark S.; Head, James W.; Andre, Sarah L.; Hauck, Steven A.; Murchie, Scott L. (August 2009). "The tectonics of Mercury: The view after MESSENGER's first flyby" . Earth and Planetary Science Letters (???????? ???). 285 (3?4): 283?296. Bibcode : 2009E&PSL.285..283W . doi : 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.025 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 .
  13. ↑ Arnett, Bill (2006). "Mercury" . Nine Planets . Archived from the original on 5 December 2003 . Retrieved 14 September 2006 .
  14. ↑ Domingue, Deborah L.; Koehn, Patrick L.; et al. (2009). "Mercury's Atmosphere: A Surface-Bounded Exosphere". Space Science Reviews . 131 (1?4): 161?186. Bibcode : 2007SSRv..131..161D . doi : 10.1007/s11214-007-9260-9 . S2CID   121301247 . The composition of Mercury's exosphere, with its abundant H and He, clearly indicates a strong solar wind source. Once solar wind plasma and particles gain access to the magnetosphere, they predominantly precipitate to the surface, where solar wind species are neutralized, thermalized, and released again into the exosphere. Moreover, bombardment of the surface by solar wind particles, especially energetic ions, contributes to ejection of neutral species from the surface into the exosphere (via "sputtering") as well as other chemical and physical surface modification processes.
  15. ↑ Benz, W.; Slattery, W.L.; Cameron, A.G.W. (1988). "Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle" . Icarus (Submitted manuscript). 74 (3): 516?528. Bibcode : 1988Icar...74..516B . doi : 10.1016/0019-1035(88)90118-2 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2019 . Retrieved 25 August 2019 .
  16. ↑ Cameron, A.G.W. (1985). "The partial volatilization of Mercury". Icarus . 64 (2): 285?294. Bibcode : 1985Icar...64..285C . doi : 10.1016/0019-1035(85)90091-0 .
  17. ↑ Durda, D .D.; Stern, S. A.; Colwell, W. B.; Parker, J. W.; Levison, H. F.; Hassler, D. M. (2004). "A New Observational Search for Vulcanoids in SOHO/LASCO Coronagraph Images". Icarus . 148 (1): 312?315. Bibcode : 2000Icar..148..312D . doi : 10.1006/icar.2000.6520 .
  18. ↑ Steffl, A. J.; Cunningham, N. J.; Shinn, A. B.; Stern, S. A. (2013). "A Search for Vulcanoids with the STEREO Heliospheric Imager". Icarus . 233 (1): 48?56. arXiv : 1301.3804 . Bibcode : 2013Icar..223...48S . doi : 10.1016/j.icarus.2012.11.031 . S2CID   118612132 .
  19. ↑ Bullock, Mark Alan (1997). The Stability of Climate on Venus (PDF) (PhD). Southwest Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 December 2006 .
  20. ↑ Rincon, Paul (1999). "Climate Change as a Regulator of Tectonics on Venus" (PDF) . Johnson Space Center Houston, TX, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM . Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2006 .
  21. ↑ Elkins-Tanton, L. T.; Smrekar, S. E.; Hess, P. C.; Parmentier, E. M. (March 2007). "Volcanism and volatile recycling on a one-plate planet: Applications to Venus". Journal of Geophysical Research . 112 (E4). Bibcode : 2007JGRE..112.4S06E . doi : 10.1029/2006JE002793 . E04S06.
  22. ↑ "What are the characteristics of the Solar System that lead to the origins of life?" . NASA Science (Big Questions). Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 .
  23. ↑ Hall, Shannon (20 July 2017). "Earth's Tectonic Activity May Be Crucial for Life?and Rare in Our Galaxy" . Scientific American. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022 . Retrieved 12 May 2022 .
  24. ↑ Haynes, H. M., ed. (2016?2017). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 14 ????????:Hyphen 3. ISBN   978-1-4987-5428-6 .
  25. ↑ Zimmer, Carl (3 October 2013). "Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 .
  26. ↑ Pentreath, R. J. (2021). Radioecology: Sources and Consequences of Ionising Radiation in the Environment . Cambridge University Press. pp. 94?97. ISBN   9781009040334 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2022 . Retrieved 12 April 2022 .
  27. ↑ Gatling, David C.; Leovy, Conway (2007). "Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions". In Lucy-Ann McFadden; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of the Solar System . pp. 301?314.
  28. ↑ Noever, David (2004). "Modern Martian Marvels: Volcanoes?" . NASA Astrobiology Magazine . Archived from the original on 14 March 2020 . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link )
  29. ↑ Peplow, Mark (6 May 2004). "How Mars got its rust" . Nature (???????? ???): news040503?6. doi : 10.1038/news040503-6 . ISSN   0028-0836 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 9 April 2022 .
  30. ↑ Sheppard, Scott S.; Jewitt, David; Kleyna, Jan (2004). "A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness" (PDF) . Astronomical Journal . Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 December 2006 .
  31. ↑ Rosenblatt, Pascal; Charnoz, Sebastien; Dunseath, Kevin M.; Terao-Dunseath, Mariko; Trinh, Antony; Hyodo, Ryuki; Genda, Hidenori; Toupin, Steven (2016). "Accretion of Phobos and Deimos in an extended debris disc stirred by transient moons" (PDF) . Nature Geoscience . 9 (8): 581. Bibcode : 2016NatGe...9..581R . doi : 10.1038/ngeo2742 . S2CID   133174714 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2020 . Retrieved 25 August 2019 .

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