?????

Sun with sunspots and limb darkening as seen in visible light with solar filter.
Observation data
Mean distance from Earth	1 au ? 7011149600000000000♠ 1.496 × 10 8  km 8 min 19 s at light speed
Visual brightness ( V )	?26.74 [1]
Absolute magnitude	4.83 [1]
Spectral classification	G2V [2]
Metallicity	Z = 0.0122 [3]
Angular size	31.6?32.7 minutes of arc [4]
Adjectives	Solar
Orbital characteristics
Mean distance from Milky Way core	?? 7020270000000000000♠ 2.7 × 10 17  km 7004272000000000000♠ 27,200  light-years
Galactic period	(2.25?2.50)×10 8 yr
Velocity	?? 7005220000000000000♠ 220 ????/?? (orbit around the center of the Milky Way) ?? 7004200000000000000♠ 20 ????/?? (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) ?? 7005370000000000000♠ 370 ????/?? [5] (relative to the cosmic microwave background )
Physical characteristics
Equatorial radius	695,700  km, [6] 696,392 km [7] 7002109000000000000♠ 109  × Earth [8]
Equatorial circumference	7009437900000000000♠ 4.379 × 10 6  km [8] 109 × Earth [8]
Flattening	6994900000000000000♠ 9 × 10 ?6
Surface area	7018609000000000000♠ 6.09 × 10 12  km 2 [8] 7004120000000000000♠ 12,000 × Earth [8]
Volume	7027141000000000000♠ 1.41 × 10 18  km 3 [8] 7006130000000000000♠ 1,300,000 × Earth
Mass	7030198855000000000♠ (1.988 55 ± 0.000 25 ) × 10 30  ??g [1] 7005333000000000000♠ 333,000  × Earth [1]
Average density	7003140800000000000♠ 1.408 g/cm 3 [1] [8] [9] 6999255000000000000♠ 0.255 × Earth [1] [8]
Center density (modeled)	7005162200000000000♠ 162.2 g/cm 3 [1] 7001124000000000000♠ 12.4 × Earth
Equatorial surface gravity	7002274000000000000♠ 274.0 m/s 2 [1] 7001279400000000000♠ 27.94  g 7004275422900000000♠ 27,542.29  cgs 28 × Earth [8]
Moment of inertia factor	6998700000000000000♠ 0.070 [1] (estimate)
Escape velocity (from the surface)	7005617700000000000♠ 617.7 ????/?? [8] 55 × Earth [8]
Temperature	Center (modeled): 7007157000000000000♠ 1.57 × 10 7  K [1] Photosphere (effective): 7003577200000000000♠ 5,772  K [1] Corona : ?? 7006500000000000000♠ 5 × 10 6  K
Luminosity (L sol )	7026382800000000000♠ 3.828 × 10 26   ??? [1] ?? 7028375000000000000♠ 3.75 × 10 28   lm ?? 7001980000000000000♠ 98 lm/W efficacy
Mean radiance  (I sol )	7007200900000000000♠ 2.009 × 10 7  W·m ?2 ·sr ?1
Age	? 4.6 billion years [10] [11]
Rotation characteristics
Obliquity	7.25° [1] (to the ecliptic ) 67.23° (to the galactic plane )
Right ascension of North pole [12]	286.13° 19 h 4 min 30 s
Declination of North pole	+63.87° 63° 52' North
Sidereal rotation period (at equator)	25.05 d [1]
(at 16° latitude)	25.38 d [1] 25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s [12]
(at poles)	34.4 d [1]
Rotation velocity (at equator)	7003199694444444444♠ 7.189 × 10 3  ????/?? [8]
Photospheric composition (by mass)
Hydrogen	73.46% [13]
Helium	24.85%
Oxygen	0.77%
Carbon	0.29%
Iron	0.16%
Neon	0.12%
Nitrogen	0.09%
Silicon	0.07%
Magnesium	0.05%
Sulfur	0.04%

????? (??????: ; Sun) ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ?????? ? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ????????

?????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??, ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????

????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????-???? ???? (???????? ?????) ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? , ??????? , ?????????? ??? ????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ???, ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????-???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ???

??? ???? ??? [ ?????? ???? ]

• ??? ????
• ??? ?????

? ??????? -??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????

1. ↑ ^{1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15} Williams, D. R. (1 July 2013). "Sun Fact Sheet" . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center . Retrieved 12 ????? 2013 .
2. ↑ Zombeck, Martin V. (1990). Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition . Cambridge University Press .
3. ↑ Asplund, M.; Grevesse, N.; Sauval, A. J. (2006). "The new solar abundances ? Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology . 147 : 76?79. Bibcode : 2006CoAst.147...76A . doi : 10.1553/cia147s76 .
4. ↑ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions" . NASA . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 24 ??????? 2010 .
5. ↑ Hinshaw, G.; et al. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 180 (2): 225?245. arXiv : 0803.0732 . Bibcode : 2009ApJS..180..225H . doi : 10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225 .
6. ↑ Mamajek, E.E.; Prsa, A.; Torres, G.; et, al. (2015), "IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties" {{ cite arxiv }} : |arxiv= required ( help )
7. ↑ Emilio, Marcelo; Kuhn, Jeff R.; Bush, Rock I.; Scholl, Isabelle F. (2012), "Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits", The Astrophysical Journal , 750 (2): 135, arXiv : 1203.4898 , Bibcode : 2012ApJ...750..135E , doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/135
8. ↑ ^{8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11} "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures" . NASA . Archived from the original on 2 January 2008.
9. ↑ Ko, M. (1999). Elert, G. (ed.). "Density of the Sun" . The Physics Factbook .
10. ↑ Bonanno, A.; Schlattl, H.; Paterno, L. (2008). "The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 390 (3): 1115?1118. arXiv : astro-ph/0204331 . Bibcode : 2002A&A...390.1115B . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361:20020749 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
11. ↑ Connelly, JN; Bizzarro, M; Krot, AN; Nordlund, A; Wielandt, D; Ivanova, MA (2 November 2012). "The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk" . Science . 338 (6107): 651?655. Bibcode : 2012Sci...338..651C . doi : 10.1126/science.1226919 . PMID   23118187 . Retrieved 17 ????? 2014 . ( registration required )
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1} Seidelmann, P. K.; et al. (2000). "Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000" . Archived from the original on 2018-10-31 . Retrieved 22 ????? 2006 .
13. ↑ "The Sun's Vital Statistics" . Stanford Solar Center . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab . NASA . p. 37. NASA SP-402. Archived from the original on 2021-07-30 . Retrieved 2018-03-18 .