???? ?????
Adult N. p. ginginianus
??????? ??????
???? ???  ( ???????????? ?.? ) [1]
????????? ????????
??????:	Animalia
?????:	Chordata
?????:	Aves
????? (Order):	Accipitriformes
??????:	Accipitridae
???? (Genus):	Neophron Savigny , 1809
???????:	N. percnopterus
???? ????
Neophron percnopterus ( Linnaeus , 1758 )
????? ??-??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????

???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ( ???????? : Egyptian vulture , ????????? ????? ; ????????? ???? : Neophron percnopterus ) ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???? ????????? (Neophron) ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????

???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ? ???-??? ????????, ??? ????, ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???-??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ???

????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 20 ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????????, ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????

?????? [ ?????? ???? ]

?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ?????-??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ^{[2] [3]} ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????; ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ^[4] ???? ???? ? ???? ?????, ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????

???? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??-??????? (ginginianus) ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ? ??????? (2005) ????? ????? ????? ?? ??-??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ^{[5] [6]} ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????, ???????, ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ^[2] ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? 10-15% ???? ????? ^[4] ??????? ??? ? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????? ^[7] , ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ^[2]

????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? 47-65 ????????? (19-26 ???) ???? ??? ????? ^[5] ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? N. P. ginginianus ??-??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? 47-52 ????????? (19-20 ???) ? ???? ?? ???? 52-55.5  ????????? (20.5-21.9 ???) ?? ????? ^[4] ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? 2.7 ???? ?? ????? ^[4] ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 1.9  ?????????(4.2 ????) ? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? (majorensis gigantism) 2.4 ????????? (5.3 ????) ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ^[3]

?????? [ ?????? ???? ]

??????????? ? ???? ????? [ ?????? ???? ]

• Agarwal, G.P.; Ahmad, Aftab; Arya, Gaurav; Saxena, Renu; Nisar, Arjumand; Saxena, A.K. (2012). "Chaetotaxy of three nymphal instars of an ischnoceran louse, Aegypoecus perspicuus (Phthiraptera: Insecta)" (PDF) . Journal of Applied and Natural Science . 4 (1): 92?95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-07 . Retrieved 2016-06-04 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Agostini, Nicolantonio; Premuda, Guido; Mellone, Ugo; Panuccio, Michele; Logozzo, Daniela; Bassi, Enrico; Cocchi, Leonardo (2004). "Crossing the sea en route to Africa: Autumn migration of some Accipitriformes over two Central Mediterranean islands" (PDF) . The Ring . 26 (2): 71?78. doi : 10.2478/v10050-008-0062-6 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-26 . Retrieved 2016-06-04 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Agudo, Rosa; Rico, Ciro; Vila, Carles; Hiraldo, Fernando; Donazar, Jose (2010). "The role of humans in the diversification of a threatened island raptor" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 10 : 384. doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-10-384 . PMC   3009672 . PMID   21144015 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Ali, Salim; Ripley, Sidney Dillon (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan . Vol. Volume 1 (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 310?314. ISBN   978-0-19-562063-4 . {{ cite book }} : |volume= has extra text ( help ) ; Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Anonymous (1854). Scripture natural history . Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication. p. 80. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Angelov, Ivaylo; Hashim, Ibrahim; Oppel, Steffen (2012). "Persistent electrocution mortality of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus over 28 years in East Africa". Bird Conservation International . 23 : 1?6. doi : 10.1017/S0959270912000123 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Baker, E.C. Stuart (1928). The Fauna of British India. Birds . Vol. Volume 5 (2 ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 22?24. {{ cite book }} : |volume= has extra text ( help ) ; Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Biddulph, C.H. (1937). "Unusual site for the nest of the White Scavenger Vulture Neophron percnopterus ginginianus (Lath.)". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 39 (3): 635?636. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• BirdLife International (2014). " Neophron percnopterus ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN . 2014 : e.T22695180A62656914. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T22695180A62656914.en . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link )
• Carrete, Martina; Sanchez-Zapata, Jose A.; Benitez, Jose R.; Lobon, Manuel; Donazar, Jose A. (2009). "Large scale risk-assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally endangered long-lived raptor". Biological Conservation . 142 (12): 2954?2961. doi : 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.07.027 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Ceballos, Olga; Donazar, Jose Antonio (1990). "Roost-tree characteristics, food habits and seasonal abundance of roosting Egyptian Vultures in northern Spain" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 24 (1?2): 19?25. ISSN   0892-1016 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Ceballos, Olga; Donazar, Jose Antonio (1989). "Factors influencing the breeding density and nest-site selection of Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus )". Journal of Ornithology . 130 (3): 353?359. doi : 10.1007/BF01644748 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Clark, William S.; Schmitt, N.J. (1998). "Ageing Egyptian Vultures" (PDF) . Alula . 4 : 122?127. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-20 . Retrieved 2016-06-04 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Cortes-Avizanda, A.; Carrete, M.; Serrano, D.; Donazar, J.A. (2009). "Carcasses increase the probability of predation of ground-nesting birds: a caveat regarding the conservation value of vulture restaurants" (PDF) . Animal Conservation . 12 : 85?88. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00231.x . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-24 . Retrieved 2016-06-04 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Cortes-Avizanda, Ainara; Ceballos, Olga; Donazar, Jose A. (2009). "Long-Term Trends in Population Size and Breeding Success in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Northern Spain" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 43 (1): 43?49. doi : 10.3356/JRR-08-24.1 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Coultas, Harland (1876). Zoology of the Bible . London: Wesleyan Conference Office. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Cuthbert, R.; Green, R.E.; Ranade, S.; Saravanan, S.; Pain, D.J.; Prakash, V.; Cunningham, A.A. (2006). "Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India". Animal Conservation . 9 (3): 349?354. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00041.x . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Dewar, Douglas (1906). Bombay Ducks . John Lane, London. p. 277. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Donazar, Jose Antonio; Ceballos, Olga (1989). "Growth rates of nestling Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus in relation to brood size, hatching order and environmental factors" (PDF) . Ardea . 77 (2): 217?226. ISSN   0373-2266 .
• Donazar, Jose A.; Ceballos, Olga (1988). "Red fox predation on fledgling Egyptian vultures" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 22 (3): 88. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Donazar, Jose Antonio; Ceballos, Olga (1989). "Post-fledging dependence period and development of flight and foraging behaviour in the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus " (PDF) . Ardea . 78 (3): 387?394. ISSN   0373-2266 .
• Donazar, Jose A.; Ceballos, Olga (1990). "Acquisition of food by fledgling Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus by nest-switching and acceptance by foster adults". Ibis . 132 (4): 603?607. doi : 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1990.tb00284.x . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Donazar, Jose A.; Ceballos, Olga; Tella, Jose L. (1994). "Copulation behaviour in the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus ". Bird Study . 41 (1): 37?41. doi : 10.1080/00063659409477195 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Donazar, Jose A.; Ceballos, Olga; Tella, Jose L. (1996). "Communal roosts of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus): dynamics and implications for the species conservation". In Muntaner, J. (ed.). Biology and Conservation of Mediterranean Raptors (PDF) . Monografia SEO-BirdLife, Madrid. pp. 189?201. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-16 . Retrieved 2016-06-04 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Donazar, Jose A.; Palacios, Cesar J.; Gangoso, Laura; Ceballos, Olga; Gonzalez, Maria J.; Hiraldo, Fernando (2002). "Conservation status and limiting factors in the endangered population of Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ) in the Canary Islands". Biological Conservation . 107 (1): 89?97. doi : 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00049-6 .
• Donazar, Jose Antonio; Negro, Juan Jose; Palacios, Cesar Javier; Gangoso, Laura; Godoy, Jose Antonio; Ceballos, Olga; Hiraldo, Fernando; Capote, Nieves (2002). "Description of a new subspecies of the Egyptian Vulture (Accipitridae: Neophron percnopterus ) from the Canary Islands" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 36 (1): 17?23. ISSN   0892-1016 .
• Elorriaga, Javier; Zuberogoitia, Inigo; Castillo, Inaki; Azkona, Ainara; Hidalgo, Sonia; Astorkia, Lander; Ruiz-Moneo, Fernando; Iraeta, Agurtzane (2009). "First Documented Case of Long-Distance Dispersal in the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)". Journal of Raptor Research . 43 (2): 142?145. doi : 10.3356/JRR-08-53.1 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Feduccia, Alan (1974). "Another Old World Vulture from the New World" (PDF) . The Wilson Bulletin . 86 (3): 251?255. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World . Christopher Helm. pp. 417?420. ISBN   978-0-691-12684-5 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Galushin, V.M. (1975). "A comparative analysis of the density of predatory birds in two selected areas within the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, near Moscow and Delhi (IOC Abstracts)" (PDF) . Emu . 74 (5): 331. doi : 10.1071/MU974330 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Galushin, V. M. (2001). "Populations of vultures and other raptors in Delhi and neighboring areas from 1970's to 1990's". In Parry-Jones, J.; Katzner, T. (eds.). Report from the Workshop on Indian Gyps vultures: 4th Eurasian congress on raptors . Sevilla, Spain: aviary.org. pp. 13?15. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Gangoso, Laura (2005). "Ground nesting by Egyptian Vultures ( Neophron percnopterus ) in the Canary Islands" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 39 (2): 186?187. ISSN   0892-1016 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-24 . Retrieved 2016-06-04 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Gangoso, Laura; Alvarez-Lloret, Pedro; Rodriguez-Navarro, Alejandro A. B.; Mateo, Rafael; Hiraldo, Fernando; Donazar, Jose Antonio (2009). "Long-term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources" (PDF) . Environmental Pollution . 157 (2): 569?574. doi : 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.015 . PMID   18995938 .
• Garcia-Ripolles, Clara; Lopez-Lopez, Pascual (2006). Penteriani, Vincenzo (ed.). "Population size and breeding performance of Egyptian vultures ( Neophron percnopterus ) in eastern Iberian Peninsula" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 40 (3): 217?221. doi : 10.3356/0892-1016(2006)40[217:PSABPO]2.0.CO;2 . ISSN   0892-1016 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Garcia-Ripolles, Clara; Lopez-Lopez, Pascual; Urios, Vicente (2010). "First description of migration and wintering of adult Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus tracked by GPS satellite telemetry" (PDF) . Bird Study . 57 (2): 261?265. doi : 10.1080/00063650903505762 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-20 . Retrieved 2016-06-04 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Grande, Juan M.; Serrano, David; Tavecchia, Giacomo; Carrete, Martina; Ceballos, Olga; Diaz-Delgado, Ricardo; Tella, Jose L.; Donazar, Jose A. (2009). "Survival in a long-lived territorial migrant: effects of life-history traits and ecological conditions in wintering and breeding areas" (PDF) . Oikos . 118 (4): 580?590. doi : 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17218.x . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Grimal, Pierre (1996). The dictionary of classical mythology . Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. ISBN   0-631-20102-5 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Hartert, Ernst (1920). Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna. Volume 2 . Berlin: Friendlander & Sohn. pp. 1200?1202. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Hernandez, Mauro; Margalida, Antoni (2009). "Poison-related mortality effects in the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) population in Spain" (PDF) . European Journal of Wildlife Research . 55 (4): 415?423. doi : 10.1007/s10344-009-0255-6 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Hertel, Fritz (1995). "Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behavior in recent and fossil raptors" (PDF) . The Auk . 112 (4): 890?903. doi : 10.2307/4089021 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Hidalgo, S.; Zabala, J.; Zubergoitia, I.; Azkona, A.; Castillo, I. (2005). "Food of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Biscay" (PDF) . Buteo . 14 : 23?29.
• Ingerson, Ernest (1923). Birds in legend, fable and folklore . New York: Longmans, Green and Co. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Jardine, William; Selby, Prideaux John (1826). Illustrations of ornithology . Vol. Volume 1. Edinburgh: W.H. Lizars. {{ cite book }} : |volume= has extra text ( help ) ; Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Koenig, Alexander (1907). "Die Geier Aegyptens" [The Egyptian vulture]. Journal fur Ornithologie (????? ???). 55 : 59?134. doi : 10.1007/BF02098853 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Kretzmann, Maria B.; Capote, N.; Gautschi, B.; Godoy, J.A.; Donazar, J.A.; Negro, J.J. (2003). "Genetically distinct island populations of the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus)". Conservation Genetics . 4 (6): 697?706. doi : 10.1023/B:COGE.0000006123.67128.86 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Latham, John (1787). Supplement to the General Synopsis of birds . London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 7. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Liberatori, Fabio; Penteriani, Vincenzo (2001). "A long-term analysis of the declining population of the Egyptian vulture in the Italian peninsula: distribution, habitat preference, productivity and conservation implications". Biological Conservation . 101 (3): 381?389. doi : 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00086-6 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Margalida, A.; Benitez, J.R.; Sanchez-Zapata, J.A.; Avila, E.; Arenas, R.; Donazar, J.A. (2012). "Long-term relationship between diet breadth and breeding success in a declining population of Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus" (PDF) . Ibis . 154 : 184?188. doi : 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2011.01189.x . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Margalida, Antoni; Boudet, Jennifer (2003). "Dynamics and temporal variation in age structure at a communal roost of egyptian vultures ( Neophron percnopterus ) in northeastern Spain" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 37 (3): 252?256. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Peters, James L. (1979). Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G.W. (eds.). Check-list of birds of the world . Vol. Volume 1 (2 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 304. {{ cite book }} : |volume= has extra text ( help ) ; Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Mateo, Patricia; Olea, Pedro P. (2007). "Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnopterus) Attack Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) to Defend their Fledgling". Journal of Raptor Research . 41 (4): 339?340. doi : 10.3356/0892-1016(2007)41[339:EVNPAG]2.0.CO;2 . ISSN   0892-1016 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Meyburg, Bernd-U.; Gallardo, Max; Meyburg, Christiane; Dimitrova, Elena (2004). "Migrations and sojourn in Africa of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) tracked by satellite" (PDF) . Journal of Ornithology . 145 (4): 273?280. doi : 10.1007/s10336-004-0037-6 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Mundy, P.J. (1978). "The Egyptian vulture ( Neophron Percnopterus ) in Southern Africa". Biological Conservation . 14 (4): 307?315. doi : 10.1016/0006-3207(78)90047-2 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Neelakantan, K.K. (1977). "The sacred birds of Thirukkalukundram". Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 17 (4): 6. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Negro, J.J.; Grande, J.M.; Tella, J.L.; Garrido, J.; Hornero, D.; Donazar, J.A.; Sanchez-Zapata, J.A.; Benitez, J.R.; Barcell, M. (2002). "Coprophagy: An unusual source of essential carotenoids" (PDF) . Nature . 47 (6883): 807?808. doi : 10.1038/416807a . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Palacios, Cesar-Javier (2004). "Current status and distribution of birds of prey in the Canary Islands". Bird Conservation International . 14 (3). doi : 10.1017/S0959270904000255 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Palacios, Cesar-Javier (2000). "Decline of the Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ) in the Canary Islands" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 34 (1): 61. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Paynter, W.P. (1924). "Lesser White Scavenger Vulture N. ginginianus nesting on the ground". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 30 (1): 224?225. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Pope, G.U. (1900). The Tiruvacagam or Sacred utterances of the Tamil poet, saint, and sage Manikka-vacagar . Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Prakash, Vibhu; Nanjappa, C. (1988). "An instance of active predation by Scavenger Vulture ( Neophron p. ginginianus ) on Checkered Keelback watersnake ( Xenochrophis piscator ) in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society . 85 (2): 419. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide . Vol. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 89. {{ cite book }} : |volume= has extra text ( help ) ; Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Seibold, I.; Helbig, A.J. (1995). "Evolutionary History of New and Old World Vultures Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 350 (1332): 163?178. doi : 10.1098/rstb.1995.0150 . PMID   8577858 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Siromoney, Gift (1977). "The Neophron Vultures of Thirukkalukundram" . Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 17 (6): 1?4. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Spaar, Reto (1997). "Flight strategies of migrating raptors; a comparative study of interspecific variation in flight characteristics". Ibis . 139 (3): 523?535. doi : 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1997.tb04669.x . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Stoyanova, Yva; Stefanov, Nikolai (1993). "Predation upon nestling Egyptian Vultures ( Neophron percnopterus ) in the Vratsa Mountains of Bulgaria" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 27 (2): 123. ISSN   0892-1016 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Stoyanova, Yva; Stefanov, Nikolai; Schmutz, Josef K. (2010). "Twig Used as a Tool by the Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)". Journal of Raptor Research . 44 (2): 154?156. doi : 10.3356/JRR-09-20.1 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Suarez-Perez, A.; Ramirez, A.S.; Rosales, R.S.; Calabuig, P.; Poveda, C.; Rossello-Mora, R.; Nicholas, R.A.J.; Poveda, J.B. (2012). "Mycoplasma neophronis sp. nov., isolated from the upper respiratory tract of Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology . 62 : 1321?1325. doi : 10.1099/ijs.0.033803-0 . ISSN   1466-5026 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Stratton-Porter, Gene (1909). Birds of the Bible . Cincinnati: Jennings and Graham. p. 182. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Tella, Jose Luis (1993). "Polyandrous trios in a population of Egyptian vultures ( Neophron percnopterus )" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 27 (2): 119?120. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Tella, Jose L.; Manosa, Santi (1993). "Eagle owl predation on Egyptian vulture and northern goshawk: possible effect of a decrease in European rabbit availability" (PDF) . Journal of Raptor Research . 27 (2): 111?112. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth (1895). A glossary of Greek birds . Oxford: Clarendon Press. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Thouless, C.R.; Fanshawe, J.H.; Bertram, B.C.R. (1989). "Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus and Ostrich Struthio camelus eggs: The origins of stone-throwing behaviour". Ibis . 131 : 9?15. doi : 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1989.tb02737.x . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Thurston, E.W. (1906). Ethnographic notes in southern India . Madras: Government Press. {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• van Lawick-Goodall, Jane; van Lawick, Hugo (1966). "Use of Tools by the Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus ". Nature . 212 (5069): 1468?1469. doi : 10.1038/2121468a0 . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds (4 ed.). London: Gurney & Jackson. pp. 356?357. ISBN   1-4067-4576-6 . {{ cite book }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Whistler, Hugh (1922). "The birds of Jhang district, S.W.Punjab. Part II. Non-Passerine birds" . Ibis . 64 (3): 401?437. doi : 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1922.tb01326.x . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Wink, Michael (1995). "Phylogeny of Old and New World Vultures (Aves: Accipitridae and Cathartidae) Inferred from Nucleotide Sequences of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene" (PDF) . Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C . 50 (11/12): 868?882. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Wink, Michael; Heidrich, Petra; Fentzloff, Claus (1996). "A mtDNA phylogeny of sea eagles (genus Haliaeetus) based on nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b-gene" (PDF) . Biochemical Systematics and Ecology . 24 (7?8): 783?791. doi : 10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X . {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Yosef, Reuven; Alon, Dan (1997). "Do immature Palearctic Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus remain in Africa during the northern summer?" (PDF) . Vogelwelt . 118 : 285?289. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )
• Zarudny, V.; Harms, M. (1902). "Neue Vogelarten" . Ornithologische Monatsberichte (????? ???) (4): 49?55. {{ cite journal }} : Invalid |ref=harv ( help )

????? ???? [ ?????? ???? ]

?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? Neophron percnopterus ?? ????? ???

??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? Neophron percnopterus ?? ????? ?????

• BTO BirdFacts ? Egyptian Vulture
• Egyptian Vulture species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds .
• Egyptian Vulture ? Global Raptor Information Network Archived 2022-04-20 at the Wayback Machine
• A photo story on how the Egyptian Vulture can crack an Ostrich egg Archived 2006-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
• Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.6 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
• ???? ????? videos, photos, and sounds at the Internet Bird Collection
• ???? ????? photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)

? ???? -??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????