????? ?????? - ????????? ??? ?? ?????

????? ??????

????????????? ???? ????????????

?

????? ??????

????? ?????? ( ?????????? : Frits Zernike ) ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???. 1953-?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????.

??????? (???????) [ ???????? ]

?????? ????? ? ????????????? [ ???????? ]

???????? ????? ??? [ ???????? ]

??????? ? ???????????? [ ???????? ]

?????? [ ???????? ]

?????????? ????????? ???????

? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????
?????????	?????? ?????? (????) ?????? ?????? / ???? ????? (????) ???? ???? / ???? ???? / ????? ???? (????) ??? ?????? (????) ????? ????? (????) ???? ??? ?????? (????) ????? ??????? ???????? (????) ?????? ?????? (????) ??????? ??????? / ???? ???????? ???? (????) ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? (????) ?????? ??? (????) ???? ???? (????) ???? ???????? ???? (????) ???? ??? ???? (????) ?????? ????? ???? / ?????? ???? ???? (????) ????? ????? ?????? (????) ???? ????? (????) ?????? ?????? (????) ???? ?????? ???? (????) ????? ??????? (????) ???? ??? (????) ????? ??????? (????) ???? ??? ????? ????? (????) ???? ????? / ?????? ???? (????)
?????????	??? ?????? ??? (????) ????? ???? ??????? / ????? ?????? ??? ?????? (????) ??? ?????? ????????? (????) ???? ?? ???? (????) ?? ?? ????? (????) ???? ???? ???????? (????) ????? ???????? / ?? ????? (????) ???? ?????? (????) ?????? ?????? ?? / ???? ????? ??????? (????) ??????? ??????? / ??? ???? ?????? (????) ?????? ???? (????) ????? ????? (????) ??? ????? (????) ??????? ????? ???? (????) ??????? ????? (????) ???? ?????? ?????? (????) ?????? ?????? ?????? (????) ?????? ????? (????) ????? ?????? (????) ???? ????? ???? (????)
?????????	??? ?????? ??????? / ????? ?????? (????) ????? ???? / ?????? ???? ????? (????) ????? ?????? (????) ???? ??? / ????? ??? (????) ????? ???? ??? / ???????? ??? (????) ?????? ????? / ??? ?????? / ????? ????? ?????? (????) ?? ???? ???? / ?????-???? ?? (????) ???? ?????? / ??? ????? / ????? ???????? ??? (????) ?????? ???? ??? / ???? ??????? (????) ?????? ????? ?????? (????) ????? ???????? / ?????? ?????? ??????? (????) ?? ?????? (????) ????? ????? / ????? ?????? ???? / ??. ???? ??. ???? (????) ????? ???? ????? / ??????? ????? / ???????? ?????????? ??????? (????) ????????? ???????? / ?????? ?????? / ?????? ?????? (????) ????? ?????? (????) ???? ??? (????) ????? ????? ?????? (????) ???? ??-?? (????) ???? ????? ????? ????? / ???? ?? (????) ???? ????? (????) ??? ?????? / ???? ??? ???? / ??? ????? ????? (????) ??? ?????? / ????? ????? / ????? ????? ??????? (????) ?????? ???? / ?????? ???? (????) ??? ???? / ?? ??? ?????? / ??? ???? ??????? (????)
?????????	????? ????? / ?????? ???? ???? ???? (????) ????? ???? ?????? / ???? ??????? ??? / ??? ??????? ??? ??? (????) ????? ??????? / ???? ???? ?????? / ????? ????? ?????? (????) ????? ?? ????? / ????????? / ?????? ??????? (????) ???? ?????? / ??? ??????? ??? (????) ??????? ???????? / ????? ??????? ???? / ??? ?????? (????) ??? ????? (????) ??????????? ?????????? / ?????? ????? ????? (????) ????? ????? / ????? ?? ????? (????) ????? ??? ???????? (????) ????? ????? / ??? ?????? / ??????? ????? (????) ?????? ??? ?????? / ???? ???????? ???? (????) ???? ????? / ????? ?????? / ?? ????????? (????) ????? ????? ???? / ???? ??? ????? / ??????? ?? (????) ???? ????? ??????? / ???? ?? ????? / ?????? ?????? ?????? (????) ????-??? ?? ??? (????) ???? ???? (????) ???? ???? / ???? ????? (????) ?????? ??????? / ??????? ?????? ??? (????) ?????? ???? ??? / ?????? ???? (????) ????? ????? ?? / ?????? ??? ????? / ????? ???? ????????? (????) ?????? ?? / ???? ???? ?????? / ?????? ????? ????? (????) ????? ?????? / ????? ?????? ??????? / ????? ?? ????? (????) ????? ???? / ????????? ????? (????) ???? ?????? / ????? ????? / ?? ????? (????)
???????????????	???? ??? ???? / ?????? ????? / ???? ????? ???? (????) ?????? ????? ?????? / ???????? ?????? / ??????? ??????? (????) ????? ???????? ????????? / ?????? ????????? ??????? / ?????? ???? ??? (????) ????? ???? / ????? ??????? / ????? ????? (????) ??? ??. ????? / ??? ??? / ?????? ???? (????) ??? ???? / ??? ????? (????) ???? ?? / ??? ??????? (????) ???????? ????? / ?????? ???????? / ????? ??????? (????) ????? ???? / ?????? ???? / ??? ??. ????? (????) ????? ???? / ????????? ?????? (????) ??? ??????? / ??? ??? / ?????? ????? (????) ????? ??????? / ??? ????? (????) ??????? ?????? / ???? ???? (????) ?????? ??????? / ?????? ????? / ???? ???????? (????)

≪ https://azb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_??????&oldid=1439610 ≫-?? ???????????

????? ?????:

???????? ???? ????????? ????????