Supervulkan

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Supervulkan [a] qeyd? alınan ?n yuks?k indeks d?y?rin? - 8 d?r?c?li Vulkanik Partlama ?ndeksli puskurm?y? sahib geni? vulkandır . Bu o dem?kdir ki, partlayı? n?tic?sind? meydana g?l?n cokuntunun h?cmi normaldan 1000 kub kilometr (240 kub mil) daha boyukdur. [1]

Supervulkanlar maqmanın mantiya ic?risind?n yer qabı?ına do?ru qalxıb, yer qabı?ını qıra bilm?m?si v? yaranan t?zyiq? tab g?tir? bilm?y?n?d?k boyuk v? artan olcud? maqma d?nizinin yaratdı?ı t?zyiq n?tic?sind? ba? verir. Bu qaynar noqt? ??klind? (misal ucun Yellouston kalderi ) v? ya bir tavanın dig?r tava altına girdiyi ?yilm? zonalarında (misal ucun Toba ) meydana g?l? bil?r. Boyuk h?cimli supervulkanik partlayı?lar, h?mcinin, tez-tez lava v? vulkanik kullu geni? ?razil?ri ?hat? ed?n geni? puskurm? bolg?l?ri il? ?laq?l?ndirilir. [2] Bel? partlayı?lar uzun mudd?t davam ed?n iqlim d?yi?ikliyin? ( kicik buz dovrunun t?tikl?nm?si kimi) v? novl?rin yox olma t?hluk?sin? s?b?b ola bil?r.

Dunyada ba? vermi? ?n son 8 VE?-li puskurm?, t?xmin?n, 26 500 il ?vv?l Yeni Zelandiyanın Taupo vulkanındakı Oruanuy puskurm?si olmu?dur. [3]

Bilin?n super puskurm?l?r [ redakt? | m?nb?ni redakt? et ]

Tamamlanmamı? statistikaya ?sas?n, indiy? q?d?r 8 d?r?c?li VE?-y? sahib ?n az 60 supervulkan t?sbit edilib. [4] [5]

VE? -si 8 olan puskurm? bolg?l?ri a?a?ıda gost?rilmi?dir.
Adı Zona Yeri Qeydl?r ?l ?vv?l (t?xmin.) Vulkan kulunun kutl? yı?ılması (t?xmin.) ?stinad
Duz eni? cay formasiyası Tetaquce-Eksployts arxa qovs hovz?si Nyu-Bransuik , Kanada Ola bil?r ki, t?k bir partlayı?la 12,000 km 3 (VE? 9) v? ya coxlu partlayı?la 2,000+ km 3 -lik puskurm? qeyd? alınıb. 466,000,000 2,000-12,000 km 3 [6] [7]
Uah Uah bulaqları ?ndian Pik-Kalient kalder kompleksi Yuta , AB? Uah Uah bulaqları kimi qorunan ?ndian Pik-Kalient kalder kompleksi puskurm?l?rini zamanı 4,000 metr (13,000 ft) qalınlı?ında lava axını 30,600,000 5,500-5,900 km 3 [8] [9]
La Qarita kalderi San Xuan vulkanik ?razisi Kolorado , AB? Fi? Kanyon tufu 27,800,000 5,000 km 3 [10] [11]
Toba golu Toba golu , ?imali Sumatra Sumatra , ?ndoneziya 2200?4400 milyon ton H 2 SO 4 meydana g?lib. 74,000 2,800 km 3 [12] [13] [14]

[15] [16] [17] [9]

Atana iqnimbriti Pakana kalderi Antofaqasta , Cili Altiplano?Puna vulkanik kompleksinin bir hiss?si 4,000,000 2,500 km 3 [18]
Haklberri t?p?lik puskurm?si Yellouston qaynar noqt?si Aydaho , AB? Haklberri t?p?lik tufu 2,100,000 2,450-2,500 km 3 [17] [19]
Taupo vulkanı Taupo vulkanik zonası ?imal adası , Yeni Zelandiya Vakamaru iqnimribi 340,000 2,000 km 3 [20]
Hayz vulkanik ?razisi Yellouston qaynar noqt?si Aydaho , AB? Kilqor tufu 4,500,000 1,800 km 3 [21]
Hayz vulkanik ?razisi Yellouston qaynar noqt?si Aydaho , AB? Blekteyl tufu 6,000,000 1,500 km 3 [21]
Serro Quaca Altiplano-Puna vulkanik kompleksi Sur Lipez , Boliviya Quaca iqnimbriti- nisb?t?n iki kicik puskurm? t?yin edilib 5,700,000 1,300 km 3 [22]
Manqakino kalderi Taupo vulkanik zonası ?imal adası , Yeni Zelandiya Kidnepırlar puskurm?si 1,080,000 1,200 km 3 [23]
Oruanuy puskurm?si Taupo vulkanik zonası ?imal adası , Yeni Zelandiya Taupo vulkanı ( Taupo golu ) 26,500 1,170 km 3
Serro Qalan And M?rk?zi Vulkanik Zonası Katamarka , Argentina 2,500,000 1,050 km 3
Lava cay puskurm?si Yellouston qaynar noqt?si Aydaho , Montana , and Vayominq , AB? Lava cay tufu 640,000 1,000 km 3 [9] [17] [19]

Qeydl?r [ redakt? | m?nb?ni redakt? et ]

  1. ↑ Bu termini Helen Bricmanın 1926-cı ild?ki Dunyanın ???alı kitabında istifad? etm?siyl? ingilis dilin? supervolcano olaraq daxil olmud?ur. [1] </ref>

?stinadlar [ redakt? | m?nb?ni redakt? et ]

  1. ↑ "Questions About Supervolcanoes" . Volcanic Hazards Program. USGS Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. 21 avqust 2015. 3 iyul 2017 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib . ?stifad? tarixi: 22 avqust 2017 .
  2. ↑ Keller, G. "Deccan volcanism, the Chicxulub impact, and the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: Coincidence? Cause and effect?". Geological Society of America Special Papers. 505. 2014: 57?89. doi : 10.1130/2014.2505(03) . ISBN   9780813725055 .
  3. ↑ Wilson, C. J. N. "The 26.5ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: An introduction and overview". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 112 (1?4). 2001: 133?174. Bibcode : 2001JVGR..112..133W . doi : 10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6 .
  4. ↑ Bryan, S.E. "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth" (PDF) . Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (3?4). 2010: 207?229. Bibcode : 2010ESRv..102..207B . doi : 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001 . 2020-08-07 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib (PDF) .
  5. ↑ BG, Mason. "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". Bull Volcanol. 66 (8). 2004: 735?748. Bibcode : 2004BVol...66..735M . doi : 10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9 .
  6. ↑ "Arxivl?nmi? sur?t" . 2019-12-22 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib . ?stifad? tarixi: 2019-12-13 .
  7. ↑ "Arxivl?nmi? sur?t" (PDF) . 2019-12-13 tarixind? orijinalından (PDF) arxivl??dirilib . ?stifad? tarixi: 2019-12-13 .
  8. ↑ Tingey, David G.; Hart, Garret L.; Gromme, Sherman; Deino, Alan L.; Christiansen, Eric H.; Best, Myron G. "The 36?18 Ma Indian Peak?Caliente ignimbrite field and calderas, southeastern Great Basin, USA: Multicyclic super-eruptions". Geosphere (ingilis) . 9 (4). 2013-08-01: 864?950. Bibcode : 2013Geosp...9..864B . doi : 10.1130/GES00902.1 .
  9. ↑ 1 2 3 "Arxivl?nmi? sur?t" . 2019-06-01 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib . ?stifad? tarixi: 2019-12-13 .
  10. ↑ Ort, Michael. "La Garita Caldera" . Northern Arizona University . 22 September 1997. 19 May 2011 tarixind? orijinalından arxivl??dirilib . ?stifad? tarixi: 5 August 2010 .
  11. ↑ Lipman, Peter W. "Geologic Map of the Central San Juan Caldera Cluster, Southwestern Colorado" . USGS Investigations Series I-2799. 2007-11-02. 31 August 2010 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib . ?stifad? tarixi: 6 August 2010 .
  12. ↑ Petraglia, M.; Korisettar, R.; Boivin, N.; Clarkson, C.; Ditchfield, P.; Jones, S.; Koshy, J.; Lahr, M. M.; v? b. "Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption" . Science. 317 (5834). 2007: 114?6. Bibcode : 2007Sci...317..114P . doi : 10.1126/science.1141564 . PMID   17615356 . 2021-11-29 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib . ?stifad? tarixi: 2019-12-13 .
  13. ↑ Knight, M.D., Walker, G.P.L., Ellwood, B.B., and Diehl, J.F. "Stratigraphy, paleomagnetism, and magnetic fabric of the Toba Tuffs: Constraints on their sources and eruptive styles". Journal of Geophysical Research. 91 (B10). 1986: 10355?10382. Bibcode : 1986JGR....9110355K . doi : 10.1029/JB091iB10p10355 .
  14. ↑ Ninkovich, D., Sparks, R.S.J., and Ledbetter, M.T. "The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of using deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool". Bulletin Volcanologique. 41 (3). 1978: 286?298. Bibcode : 1978BVol...41..286N . doi : 10.1007/BF02597228 .
  15. ↑ Rose, W.I., Chesner, C.A. "Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka" (PDF) . Geology. 15 (10). 1987: 913?917. Bibcode : 1987Geo....15..913R . doi : 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN   0091-7613 . 17 iyun 2010 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib (PDF) .
  16. ↑ Williams, M.A.J., Royce, K. "Quaternary geology of the middle son valley, North Central India: Implications for prehistoric archaeology". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 38 (3?4). 1982: 139. Bibcode : 1982PPP....38..139W . doi : 10.1016/0031-0182(82)90001-3 .
  17. ↑ 1 2 3 "Arxivl?nmi? sur?t" . 2019-09-25 tarixind? arxivl??dirilib . ?stifad? tarixi: 2019-12-13 .
  18. ↑ Lindsay, J. M.; de Silva, S.; Trumbull, R.; Emmermann, R.; Wemmer, K. "La Pacana caldera, N. Chile: a re-evaluation of the stratigraphy and volcanology of one of the world's largest resurgent calderas". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 106 (1?2). 2001: 145?173. Bibcode : 2001JVGR..106..145L . doi : 10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00270-5 .
  19. ↑ 1 2 Global Volcanism Program | Volcanoes of the World | Large Holocene Eruptions Arxivl??dirilib 13 fevral 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Volcano.si.edu. Retrieved on 2011-11-18.
  20. ↑ Froggatt, P. C.; Nelson, C. S.; Carter, L.; Griggs, G.; Black, K. P. "An exceptionally large late Quaternary eruption from Yeni Zelandiya". Nature. 319 (6054). 13 February 1986: 578?582. Bibcode : 1986Natur.319..578F . doi : 10.1038/319578a0 . The minimum total volume of tephra is 1,200 km 3 but probably nearer 2,000 km 3 , ...
  21. ↑ 1 2 Lisa A. Morgan, William C. McIntosh. "Timing and development of the Heise volcanic field, Snake River Plain, Aydaho, western USA" . GSA Bulletin. 117 (3?4). 2005: 288?306. Bibcode : 2005GSAB..117..288M . doi : 10.1130/B25519.1 .
  22. ↑ Salisbury, M. J.; Jicha, B. R.; de Silva, S. L.; Singer, B. S.; Jimenez, N. C.; Ort, M. H. "40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex ignimbrites reveals the development of a major magmatic province". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 123 (5?6). 21 dekabr 2010: 821?840. Bibcode : 2011GSAB..123..821S . doi : 10.1130/B30280.1 .
  23. ↑ Rejuvenation and Repeated Eruption of a 1.0 Ma Supervolcanic System at Mangakino Caldera, Taupo vulkanik zonası, Yeni Zelandiya American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract #V31C-2797. Retrieved 10 September 2017.

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