????? ???? ????

????? ???? ????
????????? ???? ????	普通話
??????? ???? ????	普通?
??????? ????	Common speech
?????????
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin	P?t?nghua
- Wade?Giles	P'ut'unghua
- IPA	[p?ùt??́ŋxwâ]
- Yale Romanization	P?t?nghwa
Taiwan
????????? ???? ????	國語
??????? ???? ????	??
??????? ????	National language
?????????
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin	Guoy?
- Wade?Giles	kuoyu
- Yale Romanization	gwoy?
Malaysia, Singapore, and Philippines
????????? ???? ????	華語
??????? ???? ????	??
??????? ????	Chinese language
?????????
Mandarin
- Hanyu Pinyin	Huay?
- Wade?Giles	huayu
- Yale Romanization	hway?

Standard Chinese
	普通話 / 普通? P?t?nghua ; 國語 / ?? Guoy? ; 華語 / ?? Huay?
????? ?????	China , Taiwan , Singapore
???????? ?????	(has begun acquiring native speakers, cited 1988) ; L2 speakers : c. 10% in China (2014)
???? ???????	Sino-Tibetan Chinese Mandarin Beijing dialect Standard Chinese ; ; ; ;
?????????	Middle Mandarin
???? ???????	Traditional Chinese ; Simplified Chinese ; Mainland Chinese Braille ; Taiwanese Braille ; Two-Cell Chinese Braille
??????? ???	Wenfa Shouyu
???????? ??????
???????? ????	??? (as Putonghua) ; ?????? (as Guoyu ) ; ???????? (as Huayu ) ; ?????????? ; Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ; Wa State , Myanmar
????????? ???	National Language Regulating Committee ; ?????? National Languages Committee ; Promote Mandarin Council ; Chinese Language Standardisation Council
???? ?????
ISO 639-3	?
ISO 639-6	goyu (Guoyu) ; huyu (Huayu) ; cosc (Putonghua)
????????	???
	?? ???????? IPA-? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????

?? ?????????? Chinese text ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? Chinese characters ? ???? ?????????? ?????, ????, ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????

????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????, ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ??????

???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? '??????? ????'? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ???, ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????-??????? ????, ????? ???? ?????-???????-??????

?? ???? ??? ???? ???? , ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ????

??? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????:

?????? ? ???????? (國語) ??? ???? ?????????? ????
??????????? ??? ???????? ? ??????? (??/華語), ??? ???? ???? ???? ^[6]
???????? , ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? (??/漢語) ??? ???? ??????? ?????

?????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? , ^[7]^[8] ???????? ?????? , ^[9] ??? ????????? ^[10]^[11]^[12] while those of Taiwan, ^[13]^[14] Singapore, ^[15]^[16] ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ^[17]

???? ???-??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ^[18] ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????

???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? '?????? ????' ???? ?????? ?? '?????????? ????'? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? '?????'? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ????????? "?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????", ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ,????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????-???? ??? ??????? ???????? ^[19]

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ Norman (1988) , ??????. 251.
↑ Luo, Chris (22 September 2014). "One-third of Chinese do not speak Putonghua, says Education Ministry" . South China Morning Post . http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1598040/3-10-chinese-citizens-do-not-speak-putonghua-says-education .
↑ Only 7% of people in China speak proper Putonghua: PRC MOE , Language Log , 2014 Sept. 24
↑ 台灣手語簡介 (Taiwan) Archived 2014-01-10 at the Wayback Machine (2009)
↑ http://www.china-language.gov.cn/ Archived 2015-12-18 at the Wayback Machine (Chinese)
↑ Kane, Daniel (2006). The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage . Tuttle Publishing. ??????. 22?23, 93. ISBN 978-0-8048-3853-5 .
↑ Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " Constitution ". 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ "About Hong Kong" . Government of Hong Kong. April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090226065201/http://www.info.gov.hk/info/hkbrief/eng/ahk.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 9 April 2013 .
↑ Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " Spoken and Written Languages ". 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " State Councilor urges more efforts to popularize Chinese language ". 21 January 2011. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " Languages ". 8 November 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " China-US relations pioneer praised in Beijing meeting ". 30 August 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Taiwanese Government Entry Point. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. " Languages Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine ". 24 May 2013. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Taiwan Culture Portal. Ministry of Culture. " About Taiwan Archived 2013-11-01 at the Wayback Machine ". 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Ministry of Defense Singapore. PACC PAMS Singapore. " About Singapore ". 28 July 2011. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Singapore Tourism Board. " Singapore Culture, Language, and People ". 2013. Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Official Portal of the Government of Malaysia. " About Malaysia: Language Archived 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine ". Accessed 6 November 2013.
↑ Norman (1988) , ??????. 133?134.
↑ Yuan, Zhongrui. (2008) " ??、普通?、?? Archived 2009-04-26 at the Wayback Machine (Guoyu, Putonghua, Huayu)". China Language National Language Committee, People's Republic of China

[FOOTNOTENorman1988251-1] Norman (1988) , ??????. 251.

[SCMP_Putonghua-2] Luo, Chris (22 September 2014). "One-third of Chinese do not speak Putonghua, says Education Ministry" . South China Morning Post . http://www.scmp.com/news/china-insider/article/1598040/3-10-chinese-citizens-do-not-speak-putonghua-says-education .

[3] Only 7% of people in China speak proper Putonghua: PRC MOE , Language Log , 2014 Sept. 24

[4] 台灣手語簡介 (Taiwan) Archived 2014-01-10 at the Wayback Machine (2009)

[5] ttp://www.china-language.gov.cn/ Archived 2015-12-18 at the Wayback Machine (Chinese)

[6] Kane, Daniel (2006). The Chinese Language: Its History and Current Usage . Tuttle Publishing. ??????. 22?23, 93. ISBN 978-0-8048-3853-5 .

[CCGcon-7] Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " Constitution ". 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[gov-hk-8] "About Hong Kong" . Government of Hong Kong. April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090226065201/http://www.info.gov.hk/info/hkbrief/eng/ahk.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 9 April 2013 .

[CCGlang-9] Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " Spoken and Written Languages ". 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[10] Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " State Councilor urges more efforts to popularize Chinese language ". 21 January 2011. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[11] Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " Languages ". 8 November 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[12] Chinese Central Government Official Web Portal. " China-US relations pioneer praised in Beijing meeting ". 30 August 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[TWforaff-13] Taiwanese Government Entry Point. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. " Languages Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine ". 24 May 2013. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[TWcult-14] Taiwan Culture Portal. Ministry of Culture. " About Taiwan Archived 2013-11-01 at the Wayback Machine ". 2012. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[15] Ministry of Defense Singapore. PACC PAMS Singapore. " About Singapore ". 28 July 2011. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[16] Singapore Tourism Board. " Singapore Culture, Language, and People ". 2013. Accessed 6 November 2013.

[17] Official Portal of the Government of Malaysia. " About Malaysia: Language Archived 2013-11-09 at the Wayback Machine ". Accessed 6 November 2013.

[FOOTNOTENorman1988133–134-18] Norman (1988) , ??????. 133?134.

[19] Yuan, Zhongrui. (2008) " ??、普通?、?? Archived 2009-04-26 at the Wayback Machine (Guoyu, Putonghua, Huayu)". China Language National Language Committee, People's Republic of China

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