???

??? ; ??????? ???: ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? Cretaceous ? ???????
???????????? ????????????
???/????? :	Animalia ;
???? :	Chordata ;
??????:	Vertebrata ;
?????? :	Sauropsida ;
????????:	Diapsida ;
?????????:	Lepidosauromorpha ;
???????:	Serpentes ;
???? :	Squamata ;
Subgroups
	Alethinophidia ? Nopcsa, 1923 ; Scolecophidia ? Cope, 1864 ;
	???? ?????

??? ?? ???? ( ?????? : Snake ) ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? , ??????? ???, ???? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ????????, ?????? (Animalia) ????, ??????? (Chordata) ?????, ????????? (Vertebrata) ???????,????????? (Sauropsida) ???????, ????????????? (Squamata) ?????, ???????????(Serpentes) ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????

??????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ??'?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????

????? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??????? (fossil) ?????? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????, ??? ??? ??????????? (fossilization) ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? (burrowing lizards ) ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ^[1]^[2] ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ^[2]^[3]^[4]

????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????????? ? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? (??,??? ??? /?,??? ?????) ???? ???????? ???? ????? ^[5] ????? ??????? ?????-????????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????-??????????, ??????????, ???????? ???? ??????????? ????????? (yellow-bellied sea snake ??? banded sea krait) ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ^[6].

???? ??? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?'? ?????

???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???'??? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????'??? ? ? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???'??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????- ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ???'??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ^[7]

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????, ????? ??, ??? ?,???????? ???? ??????? ???? ^[8]^[9] ???? ???? ??? ???????- ?? ??.??.???? (????-Leptotyphlops carlae) ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ?.? ????? (????- ???? (Pythonidae), , ????????????) ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????’?? (Titanoboa) ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? (vertebra)???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ^[10]^[11]

??? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????:

??????? ???	?????? ???	????????? ???
????? ???	checkered keelback	Xenochrophis piscator
[]]	Milk snake	Lampropeltis triangulum
???? ???, ?????? ???	Banded krait	Bungarus fasciatus
????????? ???	Monocled cobra	Naja kaouthia
???????? ???	King Cobra	Ophiophagus hannah
???? ???	Asiatic Python	Python reticulatus
???? ???	Brahminy Blindsnake	Ramphotyphlops braminus
??????? ???	Bronzeback Tree Snake	Dendrelaphis schokari
????? ??? ???	oriental ratsnake	Ptyas mucosa
??????? ???	Diard’s Blind Snake	Typhlops diardii
?????? ???????? ???	Short-nosed Vine Snake	Ahaetulla prasina
?????? ???	Buff-Striped Keelback	Amphiesma stolata
????????????? ???	Copper-headed Trinket Snake	Coelognathus radiata
??????? ???	Ornate Flying Snake	Chrysopelea ornata
???? ???	Smooth Water Snake	Enhydris enhydris
?????? ???	Common Wolf Snake	Lycodon aulicus
????????? ?????? ???	White-barred Kukri Snake	Oligodon albocinctus
????? ???? ???	Assam Snail Eater	Pareas monticola
?????? ???	Red-necked Keelback	Rhabdophis subminiatus
??????? ???	White-lipped Pit Viper	Cryptelytrops albolabris
?'?? ???? ???	Black krait	Bungarus niger
	Common kukri snake	Oligodon arnensis
	Common or long-nosed vine snake	Ahaetulla nasuta
	Rock python	Python molurus
	Common krait	Bungarus caeruleus
	Russel's viper	Vipera russellii
	Pit vipers	Trimeresurus spp.
	Philippine cobra	Naja philippinensis
????????? [ ???????? ??? ] http://www.dibrusaikhowanationalpark.in/reptile_chk.html ^{[ ?????????? ??? ]} "Kaziranga National Park-Reptiles List" . Kaziranga Tourism . https://www.kazirangatourism.com/reptiles.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2020-10-21 .

????? ????????? ??? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????, ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???,???,???, ????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???, ???? ????, ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????????? (aestivation) ??? ????????? (hibernation) ???? ???? ^[12] ???? ??? ????? ???? ?/? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ????? ????? ^[13]^[14] ???? ??????????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? (pheromones) ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? , ???? ? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ^[15] ??? ?????, ???? ???, ???, ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? (leathery )????? ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????(egg tooth) ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ^[16] ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? (????-????) ??? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ^[17] ???????? ( King Cobra )???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ^[18]^[19] ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ^[20]^[21] ????- copperheads, boa constrictors, rattlesnakes , ??? garter snakes ???? ^[22]

????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??? ???? ??????????(carnivorous) ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???-?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? , ??? , ?????, ???-????, ???? , ????? ???, ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ^[23] ???? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ? ???? ?? ????? ???? ^[24] ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?'? 30 °C (86 °F)? ^[25] ^[26]

?????? ???? ???? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????????

?????? ???????: ????????

?????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??% ?????? ???? ????????? ^[27]^[28] ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???, ????- ???? ???????, ???? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ??'?'??? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?'? ????? ^[27]^[29] ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?'? ????? ????????? ??? ?'? ??? ????????????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????

?????? ?????? ??? ??????

??????? ????? ????, ??????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ^[30]^[31]

????? ?????? ???????

?????????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? , ?????? , ???????? , ???????????? , ????????? , ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ^[32]^[33]

???????? ??? ?????? ???????

?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ball python ??? corn snake? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? captive breeding industry ????? ?????? ????? ^[34]

??????? ???????

??????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ????? , ??????? , ????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????

?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????

???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? (venom) ????? ??? ? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ^[35]

????????

???? ???? ?????????? ???-????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ Mc Dowell, Samuel (1972). "The evolution of the tongue of snakes and its bearing on snake origins". Evolutionary Biology 6: 191?273.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X .
↑ Sanchez, Alejandro. "Diapsids III: Snakes" . Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History . http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa12.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2007-11-26 .
↑ Mehrtens, JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York City, NY, USA: Sterling Publishers. pp. 480. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X .
↑ Sanchez, Alejandro. "Diapsids III: Snakes". Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
↑ Natural History Information Centre, Auckland War Memorial Museum. "Natural History Questions". Auckland War Memorial Museum | Tamaki Paenga Hira. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland War Memorial Museum. Q. Are there any snakes in New Zealand?. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
↑ Jackson, Kate (2003). "The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ???? 137 (3): 337?354. doi : 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x . http://www.kingsnake.com/aho/pdf/menu2/jackson2002.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 2009-07-25 .
↑ Serpentes (TSN 174118). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 3 December 2008.
↑ Colubridae species list at the TIGR Reptile Database . Accessed 4 December 2008.
↑ February 05, 2009 (2012-05-18). "Fossil of 43-foot super snake Titanoboa found in Colombia - Los Angeles Times" . Articles.latimes.com . http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/05/science/sci-snake5 ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
↑ "Fossil of 43-Foot Super Snake Titanoboa Found in Colombia A" . American Scientist. 2008-07-22 . http://www.americanscientist.org/science/content1/5795 ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 . ^{[
?????????? ???
]}
↑ "??????? ???" . Archived from the original on 2011-01-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110113010635/http://www.southwestwildlife.org/pdf/Selected_topics/aestivationr.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 2012-08-22 .
↑ Are snakes slimy? at Singapore Zoological Garden's Docent. Accessed 14 August 2006.
↑ Part III: Scales of Lizards and Snakes at WhoZoo. Accessed 4 December 2008.
↑ "Snake - Structure and Habits: Snakes: Animal Planet" . Animals.howstuffworks.com. 2008-04-22 . http://animals.howstuffworks.com/snakes/snake-info1.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
↑ "Snake Facts - Dialogue for Kids (Idaho Public Television)" . Idahoptv.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111135/http://idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/season12/snakes/facts.cfm ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
↑ Capula (1989), p. 117.
↑ King Cobra
↑ "Cobra Fast Facts" . Cobras.org . http://www.cobras.org/report.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
↑ Capula (1989), p. 118.
↑ Cogger (1991), p. 182
↑ "Snake Life Cycle" . Thematzats.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130719051006/http://www.thematzats.com/snakes/life2.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
↑ F. Harvey Pough And John D. Groves (2012-12-06). "Specializations of the Body Form and Food Habits of Snakes" . Icb.oxfordjournals.org . http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/2/443.abstract ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
↑ Rosenfeld (1989), p. 11.
↑ Journal of Experimental Biology (The Company of Biologists) 207 (Pt 4): 579?585.
↑ Tattersall, GJ; Milsom, WK; Abe, AS; Brito, SP; Andrade, DV (2004).
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 Gold, Barry S.; Richard C. Dart, Robert A. Barish (1 April 2002). "Bites of venomous snakes" . The New England Journal of Medicine ???? 347 (5): 347?56. doi : 10.1056/NEJMra013477 . ISSN 00284793 . PMID 12151473 . Archived from the original on 2020-01-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200127043123/https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra013477?siteid=nejm&keytype=ref&ijkey=%2FRomzox5%2FYq3A ? ???? ??? ????: 2009-06-25 .
↑ Russell, F. E. (1990). "When a snake strikes". Emerg Med ???? 22 (12): 33?4, 37?40, 43.
↑ Kitchens C, Van Mierop L (1987). "Envenomation by the Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius). A study of 39 victims". JAMA ???? 258 (12): 1615?18. doi : 10.1001/jama.258.12.1615 . PMID 3625968 .
↑ Bagla, Pallava (April 23, 2002). "India's Snake Charmers Fade, Blaming Eco-Laws, TV". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
↑ International Wildlife encyclopedia, 3rd edition, page 482.
↑ http://www.fabuloustravel.com/index.php?option=com_resource&controller=article&category_id=398&article=21777
↑ The Nutrition of Snake. "The Nutrition of Snake / Nutrition / Healthy Eating" . Fitday.com . http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/the-nutrition-of-snake.html#b ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
↑ Ernest, Carl; George R. Zug, Molly Dwyer Griffin (1996). Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. p. 203. ISBN 1-56098-648-4 .
↑ "??????? ???" . Archived from the original on 2015-05-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150505100609/http://www.pps.org.pk/PJP/3-1/07%20DMShaikh.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 2012-08-22 .

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ???????? ??????
"Worldwide Snake Species List" . Snake Track.com . http://www.snaketracks.com/species.html .
"Bibliography for "Serpentes"" . Biodiversity Heritage Library . http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Serpentes .
"Serpentes" . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118 .
"US Snakes" . eNature. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080315050142/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/view_default.asp?curGroupID=7&shapeID=1060 ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
"Snakes of the Indian Subcontinent" . Naturemagics Kerala Photo Gallery. Archived from the original on 2009-03-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090321024830/http://naturemagics.com/stock-photo/thumbnails.php?album=7 ? ???? ??? ????: 2012-08-22 .
"About Snake Cell" . Snake Cell . http://www.snakecell.org/snake-cell.html . (INDIA)
"Snake World" . ReptilesWeb.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140529065619/http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/snake-world.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .
"What's That Snake?" . OPLIN . http://www.oplin.org/snake .
"Herpetology Database" . Swedish Museum of Natural History . http://artedi.nrm.se/nrmherps/qbrowse.php?FormData=scientificName .
BBC Nature: Snake news, and video clips from BBC programmes past and present.

[1] Mc Dowell, Samuel (1972). "The evolution of the tongue of snakes and its bearing on snake origins". Evolutionary Biology 6: 191?273.

[Meh87-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X .

[Sanchez-3] Sanchez, Alejandro. "Diapsids III: Snakes" . Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History . http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa12.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2007-11-26 .

[4] Mehrtens, JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York City, NY, USA: Sterling Publishers. pp. 480. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X .

[5] Sanchez, Alejandro. "Diapsids III: Snakes". Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History. Retrieved 2007-11-26.

[6] Natural History Information Centre, Auckland War Memorial Museum. "Natural History Questions". Auckland War Memorial Museum | Tamaki Paenga Hira. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland War Memorial Museum. Q. Are there any snakes in New Zealand?. Retrieved 26 April 2012.

[Jackson2003-7] Jackson, Kate (2003). "The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ???? 137 (3): 337?354. doi : 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x . http://www.kingsnake.com/aho/pdf/menu2/jackson2002.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 2009-07-25 .

[ITIS-8] Serpentes (TSN 174118). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 3 December 2008.

[NRDB-Cs-9] Colubridae species list at the TIGR Reptile Database . Accessed 4 December 2008.

[10] February 05, 2009 (2012-05-18). "Fossil of 43-foot super snake Titanoboa found in Colombia - Los Angeles Times" . Articles.latimes.com . http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/05/science/sci-snake5 ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .

[11] "Fossil of 43-Foot Super Snake Titanoboa Found in Colombia A" . American Scientist. 2008-07-22 . http://www.americanscientist.org/science/content1/5795 ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 . ^{[
?????????? ???
]}

[12] "??????? ???" . Archived from the original on 2011-01-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110113010635/http://www.southwestwildlife.org/pdf/Selected_topics/aestivationr.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 2012-08-22 .

[13] Are snakes slimy? at Singapore Zoological Garden's Docent. Accessed 14 August 2006.

[14] Part III: Scales of Lizards and Snakes at WhoZoo. Accessed 4 December 2008.

[15] "Snake - Structure and Habits: Snakes: Animal Planet" . Animals.howstuffworks.com. 2008-04-22 . http://animals.howstuffworks.com/snakes/snake-info1.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .

[16] "Snake Facts - Dialogue for Kids (Idaho Public Television)" . Idahoptv.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111135/http://idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/season12/snakes/facts.cfm ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .

[17] Capula (1989), p. 117.

[18] King Cobra

[19] "Cobra Fast Facts" . Cobras.org . http://www.cobras.org/report.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .

[20] Capula (1989), p. 118.

[21] Cogger (1991), p. 182

[22] "Snake Life Cycle" . Thematzats.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130719051006/http://www.thematzats.com/snakes/life2.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .

[23] F. Harvey Pough And John D. Groves (2012-12-06). "Specializations of the Body Form and Food Habits of Snakes" . Icb.oxfordjournals.org . http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/2/443.abstract ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .

[24] Rosenfeld (1989), p. 11.

[25] Journal of Experimental Biology (The Company of Biologists) 207 (Pt 4): 579?585.

[26] Tattersall, GJ; Milsom, WK; Abe, AS; Brito, SP; Andrade, DV (2004).

[Gold2002-27] 27.0 ^27.1 Gold, Barry S.; Richard C. Dart, Robert A. Barish (1 April 2002). "Bites of venomous snakes" . The New England Journal of Medicine ???? 347 (5): 347?56. doi : 10.1056/NEJMra013477 . ISSN 00284793 . PMID 12151473 . Archived from the original on 2020-01-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200127043123/https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra013477?siteid=nejm&keytype=ref&ijkey=%2FRomzox5%2FYq3A ? ???? ??? ????: 2009-06-25 .

[28] Russell, F. E. (1990). "When a snake strikes". Emerg Med ???? 22 (12): 33?4, 37?40, 43.

[Kitchens1987-29] Kitchens C, Van Mierop L (1987). "Envenomation by the Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius). A study of 39 victims". JAMA ???? 258 (12): 1615?18. doi : 10.1001/jama.258.12.1615 . PMID 3625968 .

[30] Bagla, Pallava (April 23, 2002). "India's Snake Charmers Fade, Blaming Eco-Laws, TV". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2007-11-26.

[31] International Wildlife encyclopedia, 3rd edition, page 482.

[32] ttp://www.fabuloustravel.com/index.php?option=com_resource&controller=article&category_id=398&article=21777

[33] The Nutrition of Snake. "The Nutrition of Snake / Nutrition / Healthy Eating" . Fitday.com . http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/the-nutrition-of-snake.html#b ? ???? ??? ????: 2013-03-06 .

[34] Ernest, Carl; George R. Zug, Molly Dwyer Griffin (1996). Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books. p. 203. ISBN 1-56098-648-4 .

[35] "??????? ???" . Archived from the original on 2015-05-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150505100609/http://www.pps.org.pk/PJP/3-1/07%20DMShaikh.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 2012-08-22 .

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