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???? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ( ???? : ??????? ?? ????????? ; ?????? : ?????-?-??????????? ; ???????? ?????? : ???????? ????? ) ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? [7] ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????-??????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? [8]

???? ????????? ????????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??????????? ? ??? ?????? ???????, ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????, [9] ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???, ???? ? ???? ???? ? ????? ????, [10] ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ?????, [11] [12] ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ? ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???-???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???, ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????? ????????? ??? ????

???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????, [13] [14] [15] ? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????, ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??????, [16] [17] ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???, ??? ??? ???? ????, ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? [18] ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??, ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? [19] [20] ?? ?????, ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????, [21] ??-??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????, [18] ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? [22]

?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? [23] ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? [24] ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ????, [25] ??? ??? ????????, ????????? ???, ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???, ??????? ??????????? ??????????? [26] ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????????????? ????? ???: ????? ?'??? , ??????? ?????? , ????????? , ????????? ????? , ????? ????? ??? ?????? , ??? "????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????" ???? ?????? ??? ????? [27]

???? [ ???????? ??? ]

  1. ↑ ??????? (??????) ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???, ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ??????, ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????, ?????? ????? ????? [3]

???? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  1. ↑ Conan 2007 , ??????. 235.
  2. ↑ "Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)" . BBC. 7 September 2009 . http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/mughalempire_1.shtml ? ???? ??? ????: 13 June 2019 .  
  3. ↑ Morier 1812 , ??????. 601.
  4. ↑ Pagaza & Argyriades 2009 , ??????. 129.
  5. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). "East?West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States". Journal of World-Systems Research ???? 12 (2): 219?229. doi : 10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 . ISSN   1076-156X .  
  6. ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" . International Studies Quarterly ???? 41 (3): 475?504. doi : 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807 .  
  7. ↑ Richards, John F. (1995), The Mughal Empire , Cambridge University Press, p. 2, ISBN   978-0-521-56603-2 , https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA2   Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the dynasty and the empire itself became indisputably Indian. The interests and futures of all concerned were in India, not in ancestral homelands in the Middle East or Central Asia. Furthermore, the Mughal empire emerged from the Indian historical experience. It was the end product of a millennium of Muslim conquest, colonization, and state-building in the Indian subcontinent."
  8. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 , https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA159   Quote: "The realm so defined and governed was a vast territory of some ????:Convert/LoffAoffDsqbrSoff , ranging from the frontier with Central Asia in northern Afghanistan to the northern uplands of the Deccan plateau, and from the Indus basin on the west to the Assamese highlands in the east."
  9. ↑ Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History , Oxford University Press, pp. 75?, ISBN   978-0-19-066137-3 , https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75   Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use them."
  10. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 , https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA159   Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime is 1600, when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur’s grandson Akbar."
  11. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 , https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA159   Quote: "The imperial career of the Mughal house is conventionally reckoned to have ended in 1707 when the emperor Aurangzeb, a fifth-generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658 with the Mughal state seeming as strong as ever or even stronger. But in Aurangzeb’s later years the state was brought to the brink of destruction, over which it toppled within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720 imperial Mughal rule was largely finished and an epoch of two imperial centuries had closed."
  12. ↑ Richards, John F. (1995), The Mughal Empire , Cambridge University Press, p. xv, ISBN   978-0-521-56603-2 , https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PAxv   Quote: "By the latter date (1720) the essential structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair."
  13. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 , https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA159   Quote: "The vaunting of such progenitors pointed up the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: it was born in war and it was sustained by war until the eighteenth century, when warfare destroyed it."
  14. ↑ Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India , Macmillan, pp. 108?, ISBN   978-0-230-34549-2 , https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA108   [ ?????????? ??? ] Quote: "The Mughal state was geared for war, and succeeded while it won its battles. It controlled territory partly through its network of strongholds, from its fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore, which defined its heartlands, to the converted and expanded forts of Rajasthan and the Deccan. The emperors' will was frequently enforced in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the empire's administrative structure too was defined by and directed at war. Local military checkpoints or thanas kept order. Directly appointed imperial military and civil commanders (faujdars) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or the administration, in each region. The peasantry in turn were often armed, able to provide supporters for regional powers, and liable to rebellion on their own account: continual pacification was required of the rulers."
  15. ↑ Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History , Oxford University Press, pp. 75?, ISBN   978-0-19-066137-3 , https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75   Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to conquer lands they sought to control."
  16. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 115?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA115  
  17. ↑ Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India , Macmillan, pp. 99?100, ISBN   978-0-230-34549-2 , https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA99   [ ?????????? ??? ]
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 152?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152  
  19. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 164?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 , https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA164   Quote: "The resource base of Akbar’s new order was land revenue"
  20. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 158?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152   Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land-mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture."
  21. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 164?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 , https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA159   Quote: "... well over half of the output from the fields in his realm, after the costs of production had been met, is estimated to have been taken from the peasant producers by way of official taxes and unofficial exactions. Moreover, payments were exacted in money, and this required a well regulated silver currency."
  22. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 152?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152   Quote: "His stipulation that land taxes be paid in cash forced peasants into market networks, where they could obtain the necessary money, while the standardization of imperial currency made the exchange of goods for money easier."
  23. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 152?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152   Quote: "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors, contributed to India's economic expansion."
  24. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 186?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA186   Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts."
  25. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 186?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA186   Quote: "The elite spent more and more money on luxury goods, and sumptuous lifestyles, and the rulers built entire new capital cities at times."
  26. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 186?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 , https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA186   Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewelry, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes."
  27. ↑ Taj Mahal: UNESCO World Heritage Center
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