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????????????	Olivia Langdon Clemens ( ??. ???? ? ???? )
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??????? ??????? ????????? (?? ???????,????- ?? ?????? ????) ^[1] ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?? ????? (????) ??? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ??? (????) ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ^[2] ?????? ??????? "???? ???????? ???????" ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ^[3]

????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?'?? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? "?????? ???????? ?????????" ???? ?????? ??? ????? ^[4] ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? " ???????? ??????? ? ???" ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ^[5]

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????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??’? ??????? ?????????? ^[6]^[7] ???’????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ^[8]

???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ^[9] ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? , ???????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ?’??? ??????????? ??? ???? ^[10] ????? ?????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ^[11] ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?’??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????'? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ????, ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ^[12]

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????, ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ‘????? ??????’(????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????) ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ‘The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County’ ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ‘The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress’ ??? ‘Roughing It’ ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ‘ The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today’ ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ‘Old Times on the Mississippi’ ??? ‘Life on the Mississippi’ ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’ ?????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ‘ Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ????- ‘The Prince and the Pauper’, ‘A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court’, ‘Pudd'nhead Wilson’, ‘Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc’ ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????

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???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?’??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ^[13] ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????’??? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ "The Mark Twain House Biography" . Archived from the original on 2006-10-16 . http://web.archive.org/web/20061016074753/http://www.marktwainhouse.org/theman/bio.shtml ? ???? ??? ????: 2006-10-24 .
↑ "Mark Twain remembered by Google with a doodle" . The Times of India . 30 November 2011 . http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/internet/Mark-Twain-remembered-by-Google-with-a-doodle/articleshow/10928674.cms ? ???? ??? ????: 30 November 2011 .
↑ Lindborg, Henry J. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . Archived from the original on 2009-11-01 . Retrieved 2006-11-11 .
↑ "Obituary (New York Times)" . http://marktwainclassics.com/marktwain/obituary-new-york-times/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2009-12-27 .
↑ Jelliffe, Robert A. (1956). Faulkner at Nagano . ??????? Tokyo: Kenkyusha, Ltd.
↑ "Inventing Mark Twain" . 1997. New York Times .
↑ Kaplan, Fred (October 2007). "Chapter 1: The Best Boy You Had 1835?1847". The Singular Mark Twain . Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-47715-5 . . Cited in "Excerpt: The Singular Mark Twain " . About.com: Literature: Classic . http://classiclit.about.com/library/weekly/aafpr113003b.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 2006-10-11 .
↑ "Mark Twain, American Author and Humorist" . http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95nov/twain.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2006-10-25 .
↑ "John Marshall Clemens" . State Historical Society of Missouri . http://shs.umsystem.edu/famousmissourians/writers/clemens/jmclemens.html ? ???? ??? ????: 2007-10-29 .
↑ Life on the Mississippi , chapter 15
↑ Comstock Commotion: The Story of the Territorial Enterprise and Virginia City News, Chapter 2.
↑ "Mrs. Jacques Samossoud Dies; Mark Twain's Last Living Child; Released 'Letters From Earth'". New York Times. November 21, 1962, Wednesday. " San Diego, California , Nov. 20 (UPI) Mrs. Clara Langhorne Clemens Samossoud, the last living child of Mark Twain, died last night in Sharp Memorial Hospital. She was 88 years old."
↑ "The Mark Twain House" . Archived from the original on 2006-10-16 . http://web.archive.org/web/20061016074753/http://www.marktwainhouse.org/theman/bio.shtml ? ???? ??? ????: 2006-11-17 .

???????? ??? [ ???????? ??? ]

Lucius Beebe . Comstock Commotion: The Story of the Territorial Enterprise and Virginia City News. Stanford University Press , 1954 ISBN 112218798X
Louis J. Budd, ed. Mark Twain, Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches & Essays 1891?1910 ( Library of America , 1992) ( ISBN 978-0-94045073-8 )
Ken Burns , Dayton Duncan , and Geoffrey C. Ward , Mark Twain: An Illustrated Biography. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001 ( ISBN 0-3754-0561-5 )
Gregg Camfield . The Oxford Companion to Mark Twain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 ( ISBN 0-1951-0710-1 )
Guy Cardwell, ed. Mark Twain, Mississippi Writings ( Library of America , 1982) ( ISBN 978-0-94045007-3 )
Guy Cardwell, ed. Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad & Roughing It ( Library of America , 1984) ISBN 978-0-94045025-7
James M. Cox. Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor. Princeton University Press, 1966 ( ISBN 0-8262-1428-2 )
Everett Emerson. Mark Twain: A Literary Life. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press , 2000 ( ISBN 0-8122-3516-9 )
Shelley Fisher Fishkin , ed. A Historical Guide to Mark Twain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 ( ISBN 0-1951-3293-9 )
Susan K. Harris , ed. Mark Twain, Historical Romances ( Library of America , 1994) ( ISBN 978-0-94045082-0 )
Hamlin L. Hill, ed. Mark Twain, The Gilded Age and Later Novels ( Library of America , 2002) ISBN 978-1-93108210-5
Jason Gary Horn. Mark Twain: A Descriptive Guide to Biographical Sources. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 1999 ( ISBN 0-8108-3630-0 )
William Dean Howells . My Mark Twain. Mineloa, New York: Dover Publications, 1997 ( ISBN 0-486-29640-7 )
Fred Kaplan. The Singular Mark Twain: A Biography. New York: Doubleday, 2003 ( ISBN 0-3854-7715-5 )
Justin Kaplan . Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966 ( ISBN 0-6717-4807-6 )
J. R. LeMaster and James D. Wilson, eds. The Mark Twain Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1993 ( ISBN 0-8240-7212-X )
Jerome Loving , Mark Twain: The Adventures of Samuel L. Clemens (University of California Press; 2010) 491 pages, ISBN 9780520252578 ; Draws on newly discovered archival materials in a detailed biography
Bruce Michelson. Mark Twain on the Loose. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press , 1995 ( ISBN 0-8702-3967-8 )
K. Patrick Ober . Mark Twain and Medicine: "Any Mummery Will Cure." Columbia: University of Missouri Press , 2003 ( ISBN 0-8262-1502-5 )
Albert Bigelow Paine . Mark Twain, A Biography: The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. Harper & Bros., 1912. ISBN 1847029833
Ron Powers . Dangerous Water: A Biography of the Boy Who Became Mark Twain. New York: Da Capo Press, 1999. ISBN 0306810867
Ron Powers. Mark Twain: A Life. New York: Random House, 2005. (0-7432-4899-6)
R. Kent Rasmussen . Critical Companion to Mark Twain: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. Facts On File, 2007. Revised edition of Mark Twain A to Z ISBN 0816062250
R. Kent Rasmussen, ed. The Quotable Mark Twain: His Essential Aphorisms, Witticisms and Concise Opinions. Contemporary Books, 1997 ISBN 0809229870
Anonymous (1873). Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day . Illustrated by Frederick Waddy . ??????? London: Tinsley Brothers. ??????. 122 . http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/Mark_Twain ? ???? ??? ????: 2011-03-13 .

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