????????

???????? ?? ???? (brain) ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???'??? , ??????? , ??????'? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ??????; ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? (nerve net) ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ????, ????, ???? ?????, ????? ????, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? (??????? ???? ???) ?????? ??-?? ????? ?????????? ????? ^[1] ?? ???????? ???????????????? ?? (synapse) ?????-????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ????'????????? ??????????? ????? ????-?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? (action potential) ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????

?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ???'? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?'?? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????-???????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????

????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ^[2] ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????, ?????? ????????? CPU-? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ^[3] ?? ????, ????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ^[4] ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???; ^[5] ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? "????" ???????? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ^[3]

???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????- ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? (grey matter) ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? (white matter)? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? (stain) ??????? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ^[6]

???? ??? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????: ?????????? ??? ????'??????? (neuroglia)? ????'??????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??????, ?????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ^[7] ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ^[7] ?????? ????? ???? ????'????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?'? ????? ^[8] ????????? ???????? ??? ???? (action potential) ???? ???????-????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?-??? ?????/??????? ????? ????? ^[9]

?????? ?? ???????????? ???????????????? (synapse) ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ^[7] ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? (neurotransmitter) ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ^[7]

A bright green cell is seen against a red and black background, with long, highly branched, green processes extending out from it in multiple directions. — Neurons often have extensive networks of dendrites , which receive synaptic connections. Shown is a pyramidal neuron from the hippocampus, stained for green fluorescent protein .

???????????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ^[10] ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????; ^[11] ???? ???? (fruit fly) ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????? ^[12] ????????????????? ??? ??? ???: ???????? ???? ??????? (excitatory) ???? ??? ???; ??????? ?????? (inhibitory); ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? (second messenger system) ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ????????????????? ?????-????????? ???????? (synaptic plasticity) ?????? ??? ??????? (learning and memory) ???????? ??????????? ^[10]

????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ??? (nerve fiber tracts) ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? (????????????? ?????? ????)? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ^[7]

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ Pelvig, DP; Pakkenberg, H; Stark, AK; Pakkenberg, B (2008). "Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains". Neurobiology of Aging ???? 29 (11): 1754?1762. doi : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013 . PMID 17544173 .
↑ Yuste, Rafael; Church, George M. (March 2014). "The new century of the brain" . Scientific American ???? 310 (3): 38?45. doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican0314-38 . PMID 24660326 . Archived from the original on 2014-07-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190157/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/faculty/yuste/Publications/Yuste_Church_SciAm14.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 2015-07-01 .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Shepherd, GM (1994). Neurobiology . Oxford University Press. ??????. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-508843-4 .
↑ Sporns, O (2010). Networks of the Brain . MIT Press. ??????. 143. ISBN 978-0-262-01469-4 . https://books.google.com/books?id=v1DBKE7-UrYC&pg=PA143 .
↑ Ba?ar, E (2010). Brain-Body-Mind in the Nebulous Cartesian System: A Holistic Approach by Oscillations . Springer. ??????. 225. ISBN 978-1-4419-6134-1 . https://books.google.com/books?id=NAbMHo-ux58C&pg=PA225 .
↑ Singh, I (2006). "A Brief Review of the Techniques Used in the Study of Neuroanatomy" . Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy . Jaypee Brothers. ??????. 24. ISBN 9788180618086 . https://books.google.com/books?id=bBMS013dmycC&pg=PA24 . ^{[
?????????? ???
]}
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James Harris; Jessell, Thomas M. (2000). Principles of neural science . ??????? New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-7701-1 . OCLC 42073108 .
↑ Douglas, RJ; Martin, KA (2004). "Neuronal circuits of the neocortex". Annual Review of Neuroscience ???? 27 : 419?451. doi : 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144152 . PMID 15217339 .
↑ Barnett, MW; Larkman, PM (2007). "The action potential". Practical Neurology ???? 7 (3): 192?197. PMID 17515599 .
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Shepherd, GM (2004). "Ch. 1: Introduction to synaptic circuits". The Synaptic Organization of the Brain . Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-515956-1 .
↑ Williams, RW; Herrup, K (1988). "The control of neuron number". Annual Review of Neuroscience ???? 11 : 423?453. doi : 10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.002231 . PMID 3284447 .
↑ Heisenberg, M (2003). "Mushroom body memoir: from maps to models". Nature Reviews Neuroscience ???? 4 (4): 266?275. doi : 10.1038/nrn1074 . PMID 12671643 .

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

Brain Museum , comparative mammalian brain collection
BrainInfo , neuroanatomy database
Neuroscience for Kids
BrainMaps.org , interactive high-resolution digital brain atlas of primate and non-primate brains
The Brain from Top to Bottom , at McGill University
The HOPES Brain Tutorial , at Stanford University
[1] Archived 2014-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
Vertebrate brain evolution Archived 2015-09-05 at the Wayback Machine

????:Portal bar

[1] Pelvig, DP; Pakkenberg, H; Stark, AK; Pakkenberg, B (2008). "Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains". Neurobiology of Aging ???? 29 (11): 1754?1762. doi : 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013 . PMID 17544173 .

[2] Yuste, Rafael; Church, George M. (March 2014). "The new century of the brain" . Scientific American ???? 310 (3): 38?45. doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican0314-38 . PMID 24660326 . Archived from the original on 2014-07-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190157/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/faculty/yuste/Publications/Yuste_Church_SciAm14.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 2015-07-01 .

[Shepherd-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Shepherd, GM (1994). Neurobiology . Oxford University Press. ??????. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-508843-4 .

[Sporns2010-4] Sporns, O (2010). Networks of the Brain . MIT Press. ??????. 143. ISBN 978-0-262-01469-4 . https://books.google.com/books?id=v1DBKE7-UrYC&pg=PA143 .

[Başar2010-5] Ba?ar, E (2010). Brain-Body-Mind in the Nebulous Cartesian System: A Holistic Approach by Oscillations . Springer. ??????. 225. ISBN 978-1-4419-6134-1 . https://books.google.com/books?id=NAbMHo-ux58C&pg=PA225 .

[Singh2006-6] Singh, I (2006). "A Brief Review of the Techniques Used in the Study of Neuroanatomy" . Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy . Jaypee Brothers. ??????. 24. ISBN 9788180618086 . https://books.google.com/books?id=bBMS013dmycC&pg=PA24 . ^{[
?????????? ???
]}

[Kandel_2000-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James Harris; Jessell, Thomas M. (2000). Principles of neural science . ??????? New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-7701-1 . OCLC 42073108 .

[8] Douglas, RJ; Martin, KA (2004). "Neuronal circuits of the neocortex". Annual Review of Neuroscience ???? 27 : 419?451. doi : 10.1146/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144152 . PMID 15217339 .

[9] Barnett, MW; Larkman, PM (2007). "The action potential". Practical Neurology ???? 7 (3): 192?197. PMID 17515599 .

[ShepherdSOB-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Shepherd, GM (2004). "Ch. 1: Introduction to synaptic circuits". The Synaptic Organization of the Brain . Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-515956-1 .

[11] Williams, RW; Herrup, K (1988). "The control of neuron number". Annual Review of Neuroscience ???? 11 : 423?453. doi : 10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.002231 . PMID 3284447 .

[12] Heisenberg, M (2003). "Mushroom body memoir: from maps to models". Nature Reviews Neuroscience ???? 4 (4): 266?275. doi : 10.1038/nrn1074 . PMID 12671643 .

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