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ব্ৰিটিছ ভাৰতীয় সাম্ৰাজ্য
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????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????

?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ????

????? ?????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? ????: The role of India in World War I

????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? [1] ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? [2] ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? (????) ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? [3] ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????? '?????? ??????? ???? ?????' ?????? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ???????, "??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????????... ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? " ("To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them...If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army.") [4] ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? "????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? " ("personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe.") [5]

?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? '?????? ????????'-? ??????, "????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ?'? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?'? ??? ???? " ("Personally I have never been able to reconcile this with his own conduct in other respects, and it is one of the points where I have found myself in painful disagreement.") [6] ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????, '????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ' ("The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (non-violence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since.") [3]

??????? ???????????? (????-????) [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????, ????? ??? ???????? (theorist) ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? [7]

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? (????) ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??-????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? [8]


??????? ??? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ???????: ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????
??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? (?? ????)

????? ????? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? [9]

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? '???????' ???? ???? ???? ????? [10] ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? [11] ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????, ?'? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??'? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? '???????' ??? '??????' ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??' ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? [12]

?????? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? '?????' (Caliph)-? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??? [?????? ???????]] ???? ???????? [13] ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? '??? ???? ?????? ?????????' (All-India Muslim Conference)? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? [14] ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? [15] ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? [16] [17] ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? [18]

??????? ????????? ' ??????????????? '? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???????????????-? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??-?? ?????? ?????? [19] [20] ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??% ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?%-???? ?? ?????? [21]

?????? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ???????: ?????? ???????
????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????, ????? ??? ????

???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? '??????? ???'? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? '??????' ?????? ????? ??????, ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? [22] ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ' ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?' ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? -? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? [23]

???????????? ??? ??? ????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????-???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? '??????'? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? '???????? ?????????, ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????'? (complete individual, spiritual, political independence) ???? ???????? [24] ?? ?????? ????????? ????? '?????? ????? ??????' ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????:

?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? '?????? ????'? ????? ???? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ' ("At this holy place, I declare, if you want to protect your 'Hindu Dharma', non-cooperation is first as well as the last lesson you must learn up.". [25]

?????? ????? , ?????? ? ??????? ????????

???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? '??????' ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ' ???? '? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???-??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? '????' ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ?'??? ????????? ?????? ??????? [26]

??????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? [27] ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ?????????????, ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? [28]

'?????? ????????' ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ' ???? ???? '? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? [29] ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? [30] ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? '?????????????' ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? [31]

??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?'??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????-???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? [32] ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? [33]

??? ????????? (?????? ??????) [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ???????: ??? ?????????
??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????'

????-? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????, ???? ??????? ??????, ???????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ([[:en:dominion|) ??????? ?????? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?'? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? [34]

??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ????? (???) ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??.??. (??? kilometre (241 ????)) ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ???, ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??,???-?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? [35]

????? ???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????; ?????? ?????: "????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? "("the women have come to look upon me as one of themselves.") ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? , ????? ????? , ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? [36] ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? [37]

?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????, ??????, ? ?????? ????

?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?'??? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????, ????-? ??????-????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??'?? [38]

??????? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?'?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???????? (socialist), ?????-???????, ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? '???' ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? '???'? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? [39]

???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????-???? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? [[????? ?????? ???]? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? [40] ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??. ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? [41] [42] ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? [43]

???????? ?????????? ??? "???? ????? ???????" [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ???????: ???? ????? ???????
?????? ??? ?????, ???? ???

???? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? "????? ????? ??????" ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? [44] ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?'? ??????, ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? '???? ?????' ???? ????? ???? '????????? ?????? ?????'? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ' ???? ????? ??????? ' ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?'? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? [45]

??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? '???? ?????' ??????? ????? ?? ???, ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? [46]

???? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????-????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? '????????? ???????' (ordered anarchy) ???? ??????? ( "ordered anarchy" of "the present system of administration" was "worse than real anarchy." ) [47] [48] ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? '??? ??? ????' ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? [49]

??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? , ??????, ????

???? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? (Congress Working Committee) ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????--???? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? [50] ; ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ???? ' ????????? ? ????' ????? ???????? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???, ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?'??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? [51] [52]

???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? [53] ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???,??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? [54]

??? ?????? ??? ?????????, ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? ????: ????? ??????

??? ??????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? [55] ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? [56] ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???-? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?'?? [57] ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? '????????? ??????? ????' (Direct Action Day) ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???? [58] ??????? ??????, ??????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? '????????'???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? [59]

???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? '??????? ????????? ???' ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??-?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ???? [60] ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? -? ( Jens Arup Seip ) ??? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? [61]

????????? ?????? -? ( Stanley Wolport ) ???:

“??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ... ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????”
“..plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi...who realised too late that his closest comrades and disciples were more interested in power than principle, and that his own vision had long been clouded by the illusion that the struggle he led for India's freedom was a nonviolent one.” [62]

???? [ ???????? ??? ]

  1. ↑ Chronology of Mahatma Gandhi's Life:India 1918 in WikiSource based on the Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi . Based on public domain volumes.
  2. ↑ Gandhi,(1940). Chapter "Recruiting Campaign" .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Desai, (1930).
  4. ↑ Gandhi, (1965) Collected Works, Vol 17. Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine Chapter "67. Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June 1918
  5. ↑ Gandhi, (1965) Collected Works, Vol 17. Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine "Chapter 8. Letter to J. L. Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April 1918.
  6. ↑ Andrews (1930).
  7. ↑ Prashad, (1966).
  8. ↑ Claude Markovits (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 . Anthem Press. ??????. 367?86 . http://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C .  
  9. ↑ Hardiman, (2001).
  10. ↑ Unattributed (2004). "Satyagraha Laboratories Of Mahatma Gandhi" . Indian National Congress website . All India Congress Committee . Archived from the original on 6 December 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061206050856/http://www.aicc.org.in/satyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm ? ???? ??? ????: 25 February 2012 .  
  11. ↑ Gandhi, Rajmohan (2006), pp. 196?197 .
  12. ↑ Brown, (1974). pp. 94?102
  13. ↑ Gail Minault, The Khilafat Movement Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India (1982)
  14. ↑ Kham, Aqeeluzzafar (1990). "The All-India Muslim Conference and the Origin of the Khilafat Movement in India". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society ???? 38 (2): 155?162.  
  15. ↑ Roberts, W. H. (1923). "A Review of the Gandhi Movement in India". Political Science Quarterly ???? 38 (2): 227?248.  
  16. ↑ Sugata Bose; Ayesha Jalal (2004). Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy . Psychology Press. ??????. 112?14 . http://books.google.com/books?id=qMJIuHL9ksAC&pg=PA112 .  
  17. ↑ Judith Margaret Brown (1991). Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope . Yale University Press. ??????. 140?47 . http://books.google.com/books?id=boDAE8MLAJMC&pg=PA141 .  
  18. ↑ Wilhelm von Pochhammer (2005). India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent . Allied Publishers. ??????. 440 . http://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA437 .  
  19. ↑ Sumit Sarkar (1983). Modern India: 1885-1947 . Macmillan. ??????. 233 . https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=%22155+killed%22+intitle:modern+intitle:india+inauthor:sarkar&num=10 .  
  20. ↑ Claude Markovits, ed. (2004). A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 . Anthem Press. ??????. 372 . http://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA372 .  
  21. ↑ Judith Margaret Brown (1994). Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy . Oxford U. Press. ??????. 228 . http://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ .  
  22. ↑ Roberts, "A Review of the Gandhi Movement in India," Political Science Quarterly, (1923) p. 229
  23. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 82.
  24. ↑ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). Indian politics and society since independence: events, processes and ideology . Routledge. ??????. 154. ISBN   978-0-415-40868-4 . http://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C&pg=PA154 ? ???? ??? ????: 4 April 2012 .  
  25. ↑ Hardiman, (2003). p. 163
  26. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 89.
  27. ↑ Unattributed (December 1931). "Gandhi Invents Spinning Wheel" . Popular Science (Bonnier Corporation): 60 . http://books.google.com/books?id=ESgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60 ? ???? ??? ????: 14 January 2012 .  
  28. ↑ Shashi, (19960. p. 9.
  29. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 105.
  30. ↑ Roberts, (2011).
  31. ↑ Datta, Amaresh (1 January 2006). The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti) . Sahitya Akademi. ??????. 1345. ISBN   978-81-260-1194-0 . http://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1345 ? ???? ??? ????: 4 April 2012 .  
  32. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 131.
  33. ↑ Jain, Jagdishchandra (1987). Gandhi, the forgotten Mahatma . ??????? Delhi: Mittal Publications. ??????. 17. ISBN   81-7099-037-8 . http://books.google.co.in/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC&pg=PA17 .  
  34. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 172.
  35. ↑ Hatt, (2002). p. 33 .
  36. ↑ Norvell, 1997.
  37. ↑ Sarma, (1994).
  38. ↑ Herman (20080. pp. 375?377 .
  39. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 246.
  40. ↑ Ghose, Sankar (1992). Jawaharlal Nehru, A Biography , p. 137 . Allied Publishers Limited.
  41. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 277?281.
  42. ↑ Sarkar, (2006).
  43. ↑ Dash, Siddhartha. "Orissa Review" . http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Gandhi_subhas.pdf ? ???? ??? ????: 12 April 2012 .  
  44. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 283?286.
  45. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 309.
  46. ↑ Gandhi 1990 , ??????. 318.
  47. ↑ Brock, Peter (1983). The Mahatma and mother India: essays on Gandhi?s non-violence and nationalism . Navajivan Publishing House . ??????. 34 . http://books.google.com/books?id=vRduAAAAMAAJ&q=%22anarchy+to+the+present+system+of+administration+because+this+ordered+anarchy+is+worse+than+real+anarchy%22&dq=%22anarchy+to+the+present+system+of+administration+because+this+ordered+anarchy+is+worse+than+real+anarchy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tZTsT_u2KMLdqgGVoKDqBQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw .  
  48. ↑ Limaye, Madhu (1990). Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: a historic partnership . B. R. Publishing Corporation. ??????. 11. ISBN   8170185475 . http://books.google.com/books?id=WVIwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22anarchy+to+the+present+system+of+administration+because+this+ordered+anarchy+is+worse+than+real+anarchy%22&dq=%22anarchy+to+the+present+system+of+administration+because+this+ordered+anarchy+is+worse+than+real+anarchy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tZTsT_u2KMLdqgGVoKDqBQ&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA .  
  49. ↑ Wilhelm von Pochhammer (2005). India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent . Allied Publishers. ??????. 469 . http://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA469 .  
  50. ↑ Lapping, (1989).
  51. ↑ "Gandhi, Jinnah Meet First Time Since '44; Disagree on Pakistan, but Will Push Peace" . The New York Times . 7 May 1947 . http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30A1EFA3F58147B93C5A9178ED85F438485F9 ? ???? ??? ????: 25 March 2012 .   (???????????? ???????????)
  52. ↑ Jalil, Azizul (1944). "When Gandhi met Jinnah" . The Daily Star . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . http://archive.is/Wnw51 ? ???? ??? ????: 25 March 2012 .  
  53. ↑ Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2001). Propaganda and information in Eastern India, 1939-45: a necessary weapon of war . Psychology Press. ??????. 33. ISBN   978-0-7007-1406-3 . http://books.google.com/books?id=M2GI26jditsC&pg=PA33 .  
  54. ↑ S. S. Shashi (1996). Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh . Anmol Publications. ??????. 13. ISBN   978-81-7041-859-7 . http://books.google.com/books?id=Wv0vAQAAIAAJ ? ???? ??? ????: 28 February 2012 .  
  55. ↑ Reprinted in The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work, and Ideas , Louis Fischer, ed., 2002 (reprint edition) pp. 106?108.
  56. ↑ Keen, Shirin (Spring, 1998). "The Partition of India" . Emory University . http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Part.html .  
  57. ↑ Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (5 January 1994). Jack, Homer A.. ed. The Gandhi reader: a source book of his life and writings . Grove Press. ??????. 418. ISBN   978-0-8021-3161-4 .  
  58. ↑ Wolpert, Stanley. Gandhi's Passion ? The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi . Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-513060-X . http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/wolpert-gandhi.html .  
  59. ↑ Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 December 1999). "Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate" . Nobelprize.org . http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/gandhi/ ? ???? ??? ????: 16 January 2012 .  
  60. ↑ Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R.. A concise history of modern India . Cambridge University Press. ??????. 221?222. ISBN   978-0-521-86362-9 . http://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C .  
  61. ↑ Saikia, Bijoy Sankar (2 October 2006). "Why Mahatma Gandhi didn't get a Nobel Prize" . CNN IBN-Live . Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140327102007/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/why-mahatma-gandhi-didnt-get-a-nobel-prize/22985-3-single.html .  
  62. ↑ Stanley Wolpert, Gandhi's Passion p. 7

?????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  • Brown, Giles (August 1948). The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914-1917.The Pacific Historical Review . 17 . University of California Press. pp. 299?310. ISSN   0030-8684   .
  • Popplewell, Richard J (1995). Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904-1924. . Routledge. ISBN   9780714645803   .
  • Hoover, Karl. (May 1985). The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913-1918. German Studies Review . 8 . German Studies Association. pp. 245?261. ISBN   01497952   .
  • Hopkirk, Peter (1997). Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire. . Kodansha Globe. ISBN   1568361270   .
  • Fraser, Thomas G (1977). Germany and Indian Revolution, 1914-18. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (April, 1977), pp. 255-272 . Sage Publications. ISSN   00220094   .
  • Strachan, Hew (2001). The First World War. Volume I: To Arms . Oxford University Press. USA.. ISBN   0199261911   .
  • Lovett, Sir Verney (1920). A History of the Indian Nationalist Movement . New York, Frederick A. Stokes Company. ISBN   8175362499  
  • Sarkar, B.K. (March 1921). Political Science Quarterly . 36 . The Acedemy of Political Science. pp. 136?138. ISSN   00323195   .
  • Tinker, Hugh (October 1968). India in the First World War and after. Journal of Contemporary History, 1918-19: From War to Peace . 3 . Sage Publications. pp. 89?107. ISSN   00220094   .
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  • Dr. Mahaur Bhagwandas Kakori Shaheed Smriti 1977 Lucknow Kakori Shaheed Ardhshatabdi Samaroh Samiti.

?????? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

  • Brown, Judith M. Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915-1922 (Cambridge South Asian Studies) (1974)
  • Brown, Judith M., 'Gandhi and Civil Resistance in India, 1917-47', in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6 .
  • Chandra, Bipan. India's Struggle for Independence 2012)
  • Jalal, Ayesha. The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan (Cambridge South Asian Studies) (1994)
  • Majumdar, R.C.. History of the Freedom movement in India . ISBN   0836423763 .  
  • Gandhi, Mohandas (1993). An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth . ??????? Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN   0807059099 .  
  • Sofri, Gianni (1995?1999). Gandhi and India: A Century in Focus . Janet Sethre Paxia (translator) (English edition translated from the Italian ????????). ??????? Gloucestershire: The Windrush Press. ISBN   1900624125 .  
  • Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru - Volume One: 1889 - 1947 - A Biography (1975), standard scholarly biography
  • Seal, Anil (1968). Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century . ??????? London: Cambridge U.P.. ISBN   0521062748 .  
  • Singh, Jaswant. Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence (2010)
  • Wolpert, Stanley A. Jinnah of Pakistan (2005)
  • Wolpert, Stanley A. Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi (2002)

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Gandhi during the Salt March, 1930

Gandhi during the Salt March, 1930

Congress flag of India (1931)

Flag of Azad Hind
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