??????-??????????? ????? ? ( ?????? : Pre-Socratic philosophy ) ????? ?????? ???????-??? ????? ?’? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ??????-??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????, ???? ????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????-????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????-????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??? “????????????” ???? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????

????, ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ??????? ??????-??????????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ‘?????’ (arche-??? ???? “???????”, “??????” ???? “????” ?’? ????)-? ???????? ????, ?????? (????), ??? ‘????’ (?? ?? ???????????) ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????-??????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????-?????????, ???????????, ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ‘???????????’ ???????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????-???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??, ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????’?????? ??????????-??????? ???????? ‘?????????? ??????’?? ???????? ??????? ‘??????’? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ‘???????’??? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????

??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????-??????????? (Pre-Socratic) ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??.?. ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? “vorsokratische Philosophie” ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ^[1] ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????? “???????” ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ‘?????’????’? ^[2]

????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????????-?????????? ??????-?????? ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ????????? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????: ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?????? ??????-???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ^[3]

??? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????-??????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??????’??, ????’????, ???????, ????????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ???; ????-???????????????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????’??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ‘Peri Physeos’ ???? ‘???????? ????????’? ^[4] ?????? ????? ‘????????????’ ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????-??????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ^[5] ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ^[6] ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????’?? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????’??? ????????? ???’????????? “Opinion of the Physicists” ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????-??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ^[7]

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]