??? ??? ?? ???????

??? ??????? ??? , ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ^[1] ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?'?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ^[2] ???'?'??? ???????? ???, ???????'???? ?????'?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ^[3] ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ^[4] ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?'??? ?????? ?’?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?’?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ^[5]

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

Notes

↑ "Brazen Bull: The ancient Greek torture death machine" (en-US ?????). GHD . https://www.greecehighdefinition.com/blog/brazen-bull ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-12-25 .
↑ Diehl & Donnelly 2008 , ?????? 37
↑ Biblioteca Historica , IX, 18?19
↑ Diehl & Donnelly 2008 , ?????? 39
↑ Pindar, Pythian 1

??????

Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (2008), The Big Book of Pain: Punishment and Torture Through History , The History Press, ISBN 978-0-7509-4583-7
Thompson, Irene (2008), The A to Z of Punishment and Torture: From Amputations to Zero Tolerance , Book Guild Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84624-203-8

[:0-1] "Brazen Bull: The ancient Greek torture death machine" (en-US ?????). GHD . https://www.greecehighdefinition.com/blog/brazen-bull ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-12-25 .

[DiehlDonnellyP37-2] Diehl & Donnelly 2008 , ?????? 37

[BibHist-3] Biblioteca Historica , IX, 18?19

[DiehlDonnellyP39-4] Diehl & Donnelly 2008 , ?????? 39

[5] Pindar, Pythian 1

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]