???????

???? ??? ??? ???????????? ????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???

??????? ?’? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????, ???????, ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??? ???? " ????????? ??????? " ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? "????- ????? ???????" ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

????????? ????? ?????? ?'? ???????? , ??????? , ??? ?????? ??? ?????????, ????, ???????? , ??????????, ?????????, ??????, ?????? , ???????????? ???????, ????? , ??? ???????? ????? ? ^[4] ???????? ????? ?????? ?'? ???????????, ?????? ?????????, ???????????, ?????, ???????? ????, ???????????? ????, ??????? ?????????, ??? , ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????

?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?’?? ???????? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??%??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???, ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? (??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????) ?????????? ???????? ???????? ????????

?????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? desastre ??? ????? ??????? disastro ? ??? ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? δυσ- (dus-) "?????" ^[5] ??? ?στ?ρ (aster), "???" ? ??? ?????? ^[6] ??????? ??????? ??? (????? ????? "????? ???") ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ^[7]

???????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ^[1]^[2]^[3]

???? ???????, ?’? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?’? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???, ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? (???? ??????? ????????? ???????)? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ? ^[8]

??????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ^[9]

????????? ????? ???? ????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

?????? ???????: ????????? ????????

????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ^[10]

????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????
??????	???????
????????	???? ???? ?????, ???????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ????????? ???????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???, ?? ??????? ???????, ???? ???????? ?? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????
????????	??? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ??????
????????	????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????
??? (????)	????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? (????? ????? ???? ????? § ??????? ????????? ?????? )
???????	??????? ???????: ??? ??? ???, ????? ??? ??, ???, ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? (????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? )
?????? ?????	?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?’?? ???? ?????
?????????	???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? (????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? § ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ).
?????????	??????????? ??????? ?'? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???, ???? ???? ???, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????
?????????????	???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????
?????? ???????	???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????
?????????? ??????????	????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????, ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? (????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???????? )
??????	???? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????, ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???, ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????, ???????? ????????, ???????????? ????????, ????? ??? ????????, ?????????, ??????? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???
???????????? ???????	???????????? ??? ??? ?????, ???????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????

????:Excerpt

????????? ????? ???? ?????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ?????, ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ???, ??? , ?????? ????????, ???????? ????????, ?????, ??? ???????, ???????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ????????/????????? ??????? ^[11]

?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? , ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????????? ???? ????????? ??????????

??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ^[12]

???????????? ????, ???????, ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ?’? ????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????, ????????? ????? ?? ?’? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ^[13]

????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????
???????	???????
??? ???????????	???-????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???
?????? ????????	????? ??? ???????? ???? ????, ??????, ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?’? ????, ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?’? ????
??? (???????)	???? ??????? ?????? ?’? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???
???????? ??????? ?????? ????	?????, ???????? ???, ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????, ??? ?????? ?? ???, ???? ???????????????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???
????????? ??? ?????? ????????	???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???
??????? ????	???????????? ?? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????

???? ??????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ???????, ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???, ??????? ??? ?????? (????) ?????????? ??????, ^[14] ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????: ^[15]

???? ??? ?? ???? ??????,
???? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??
???? ? ??????? ????? ?????

?? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ($ ?)? ?????????? ???? ^[15] ??????' (????)? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????:

???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????, ?'? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???-??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ^[16]

???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???, ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ^[15] ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "Why natural disasters aren't all that natural" . openDemocracy . 2020-11-26. Archived from the original on 2020-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131113/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2020-12-29 .
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Gould, Kevin A.; Garcia, M. Magdalena; Remes, Jacob A.C. (1 December 2016). "Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile". Journal of Political Ecology ???? 23 (1): 93. doi : 10.2458/v23i1.20181 .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Smith, Neil (2006-06-11). "There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster" . Items . Archived from the original on 2021-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104324/https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2020-12-29 .
↑ "Natural Hazards | National Risk Index" . hazards.fema.gov . https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/natural-hazards ? ???? ??? ????: 2022-06-08 .
↑ "Dus, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus" . https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328613 .
↑ "Aster, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus" . https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316528 .
↑ "Disaster" in Etymology online
↑ Didi Kirsten Tatlow (15 December 2016). "Don't Call It 'Smog' in Beijing, Call It a 'Meteorological Disaster" . The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/world/asia/beijing-smog-pollution.html .
↑ L. Bull-Kamanga; K. Diagne; A. Lavell; E. Leon; F. Lerise; H. MacGregor; A. Maskrey; M. Meshack et al . (1 April 2003). "From everyday hazards to disasters: the accumulation of risk in urban areas" (en ?????). Environment and Urbanization ???? 15 (1): 193?204. doi : 10.1177/095624780301500109 . ISSN 0956-2478 .
↑ Cannon, Terry. (1994). Vulnerability Analysis and The Explanation Of 'Natural' Disasters . Disasters, Development and Environment.
↑ Cueto, Lavinia Javier; Agaton, Casper Boongaling (2021). "Pandemic and Typhoon: Positive Impacts of a Double Disaster on Mental Health of Female Students in the Philippines" (en ?????). Behavioral Sciences ???? 11 (5): 64. doi : 10.3390/bs11050064 . PMID 33946801 .
↑ Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis & Ben Wisner. At Risk ? Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters , Wiltshire: Routledge, 2003, ??.??.??.??. 0-415-25216-4
↑ "Famine" (en ?????). education.nationalgeographic.org . https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/famine ? ???? ??? ????: 2024-01-07 .
↑ Hewitt, K.; Sheehan, L. (1969). A Pilot Survey of Global Natural Disasters the Past Twenty Years. (Report). Natural Hazards Research Working Paper, No. 11. ??????? Toronto: University of Toronto . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44480318 ? ???? ??? ????: 21 June 2017 .
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Smith, Keith (1992). Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster . Routledge Physical Environment Series (first ????????). Routledge. ISBN 9780415012171 .
↑ Smith 1996 quoted in Kraas, Frauke (2008). "Megacities as Global Risk Areas" . In Marzluff, John. Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature (illustrated ????????). Springer Science & Business Media. ??????. 588. ISBN 9780387734125 . https://books.google.com/books?id=kwyObkXjvk0C&q=an+event%2C+concentrated+in+time+and+space%2C+in+which+a+community+undergoes+severe+danger+and+incurs+such+losses+to+its+members+and+physical+appurtenance&pg=PA588 ? ???? ??? ????: 23 August 2017 .

??????? ??????: <references>? ????? "ifrc" ???? <ref> ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
??????? ??????: <references>? ????? "EHA" ???? <ref> ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????
??????? ??????: <references>? ????? "WB" ???? <ref> ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????

??????? ??????:

<references>

? ????? "PESOS" ????

<ref>

??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????:
	????? ???? ???????????
	????? ??? ??????? ??????
	?????? ??? ????????? ???????????????????
	??-????? ??????????
	?????? ?????? ??????????
	?????, ????? ??? ????????
	????????? ???????????

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ? IFRC
ReliefWeb of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ? ReliefWeb
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction ? UNDRR
EM-DAT International Disaster Database of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System ? a joint initiative of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the European Commission
UN-SPIDER ? UN-SPIDER , the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response], a project of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)

????:Disasters

[:1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "Why natural disasters aren't all that natural" . openDemocracy . 2020-11-26. Archived from the original on 2020-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131113/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/why-natural-disasters-arent-all-that-natural/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2020-12-29 .

[:2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Gould, Kevin A.; Garcia, M. Magdalena; Remes, Jacob A.C. (1 December 2016). "Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile". Journal of Political Ecology ???? 23 (1): 93. doi : 10.2458/v23i1.20181 .

[:4-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Smith, Neil (2006-06-11). "There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster" . Items . Archived from the original on 2021-01-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104324/https://items.ssrc.org/understanding-katrina/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-natural-disaster/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2020-12-29 .

[:3-4] "Natural Hazards | National Risk Index" . hazards.fema.gov . https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/natural-hazards ? ???? ??? ????: 2022-06-08 .

[5] "Dus, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus" . https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2328613 .

[6] "Aster, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus" . https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2316528 .

[7] "Disaster" in Etymology online

[China.NYT-8] Didi Kirsten Tatlow (15 December 2016). "Don't Call It 'Smog' in Beijing, Call It a 'Meteorological Disaster" . The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/world/asia/beijing-smog-pollution.html .

[9] L. Bull-Kamanga; K. Diagne; A. Lavell; E. Leon; F. Lerise; H. MacGregor; A. Maskrey; M. Meshack et al . (1 April 2003). "From everyday hazards to disasters: the accumulation of risk in urban areas" (en ?????). Environment and Urbanization ???? 15 (1): 193?204. doi : 10.1177/095624780301500109 . ISSN 0956-2478 .

[10] Cannon, Terry. (1994). Vulnerability Analysis and The Explanation Of 'Natural' Disasters . Disasters, Development and Environment.

[:0-11] Cueto, Lavinia Javier; Agaton, Casper Boongaling (2021). "Pandemic and Typhoon: Positive Impacts of a Double Disaster on Mental Health of Female Students in the Philippines" (en ?????). Behavioral Sciences ???? 11 (5): 64. doi : 10.3390/bs11050064 . PMID 33946801 .

[atrisk-12] Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis & Ben Wisner. At Risk ? Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters , Wiltshire: Routledge, 2003, ??.??.??.??. 0-415-25216-4

[13] "Famine" (en ?????). education.nationalgeographic.org . https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/famine ? ???? ??? ????: 2024-01-07 .

[Sheehan_and_Hewitt_1969-14] Hewitt, K.; Sheehan, L. (1969). A Pilot Survey of Global Natural Disasters the Past Twenty Years. (Report). Natural Hazards Research Working Paper, No. 11. ??????? Toronto: University of Toronto . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44480318 ? ???? ??? ????: 21 June 2017 .

[Smith_1992-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 Smith, Keith (1992). Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster . Routledge Physical Environment Series (first ????????). Routledge. ISBN 9780415012171 .

[Smith_1996-16] Smith 1996 quoted in Kraas, Frauke (2008). "Megacities as Global Risk Areas" . In Marzluff, John. Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature (illustrated ????????). Springer Science & Business Media. ??????. 588. ISBN 9780387734125 . https://books.google.com/books?id=kwyObkXjvk0C&q=an+event%2C+concentrated+in+time+and+space%2C+in+which+a+community+undergoes+severe+danger+and+incurs+such+losses+to+its+members+and+physical+appurtenance&pg=PA588 ? ???? ??? ????: 23 August 2017 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]