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??????????? ??????? ( ?????? : Abdulrazak Gurnah ;???? ?? ???????? ????) ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? (????), ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? (????), ??? ??? ??? ?? (????) ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ^[2]

"???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????" ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ^[3]^[4]^[5]

????-?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ?????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ^[6] "???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????" ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ^[3]^[4]^[5]

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????? ?? ????????? (????) ^[7]
????????? ?? (????) ^[8]
??? (????) ^[9]
???????? (????) ^[10] (????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ^[11])
???????? ???????? (????) ^[12]
??? ??? ?? (????) ^[10] (????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ^[13])
???????????? (????) ^[14]
??? ????? ????? (????) ^[15]
??????? ????? (????) ^[16]
?????????? (????) ^[17]

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↑ "Abdulrazak Gurnah" , Literature, British Council .
↑ Gurnah, "A Note on the Author." In Desertion , London: Bloomsbury , 2006, p. 263.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021" . NobelPrize.org. 7 October 2021 . https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2021/summary/ ? ???? ??? ????: 7 October 2021 .
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Flood, Alison (7 October 2021). "Abdulrazak Gurnah wins the 2021 Nobel prize in literature" . The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/07/abdulrazak-gurnah-wins-the-2021-nobel-prize-in-literature .
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 "Nobel Literature Prize 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah named winner" . BBC News. 7 October 2021 . https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-58828947 .
↑ "Abdulrazak Gurnah" (en-GB ?????). Royal Society of Literature . Archived from the original on 2020-10-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201010131256/https://rsliterature.org/fellow/abdulrazak-gurnah-3/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-10-07 .
↑ Hand, Felicity (2015-03-15). "Searching for New Scripts: Gender Roles in Memory of Departure" (en ?????). Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction ???? 56 (2): 223?240. doi : 10.1080/00111619.2014.884991 . ISSN 0011-1619 . http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00111619.2014.884991 ? ???? ??? ????: 7 October 2021 .
↑ Mirmotahari, Emad (May 2013). "From Black Britain to Black Internationalism in Abdulrazak Gurnah's Pilgrims Way" (en ?????). English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 17?27. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780679 . ISSN 0013-8398 . http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00138398.2013.780679 ? ???? ??? ????: 7 October 2021 .
↑ Lewis, Simon (May 2013). "Postmodern Materialism in Abdulrazak Gurnah's Dottie : Intertextuality as Ideological Critique of Englishness" (en ?????). English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 39?50. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780680 . ISSN 0013-8398 .
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Kohler, Sophy (2017-05-04). "'The spice of life': trade, storytelling and movement in Paradise and By the Sea by Abdulrazak Gurnah" (en ?????). Social Dynamics ???? 43 (2): 274?285. doi : 10.1080/02533952.2017.1364471 . ISSN 0253-3952 .
↑ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah honoured" (en ?????). The Irish Times . 2021-10-07 . https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/nobel-prize-in-literature-2021-abdulrazak-gurnah-honoured-1.4693669 .
↑ Olaussen, Maria (May 2013). "The Submerged History of the Indian Ocean in Admiring Silence " (en ?????). English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 65?77. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780682 . ISSN 0013-8398 .
↑ "Abdulrazak Gurnah" (en ?????). Booker Prize . https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/abdulrazak-gurnah ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-10-07 .
↑ Mars-Jones, Adam (2005-05-15). "It was all going so well" (en ?????). The Observer . http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/15/fiction.features1 ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-10-07 .
↑ Kaigai, Kimani (May 2013). "At the Margins: Silences in Abdulrazak Gurnah's Admiring Silence and The Last Gift " (en ?????). English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 128?140. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780688 . ISSN 0013-8398 .
↑ Bosman, Sean James (2021-07-03). "'A Fiction to Mock the Cuckold': Reinvigorating the Cliche Figure of the Cuckold in Abdulrazak Gurnah's By the Sea (2001) and Gravel Heart (2017)" (en ?????). Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies ???? 7 (3): 176?188. doi : 10.1080/23277408.2020.1849907 . ISSN 2327-7408 .
↑ Mengiste, Maaza (2020-09-30). "Afterlives by Abdulrazak Gurnah review ? living through colonialism" (en ?????). The Guardian . http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/30/afterlives-by-abdulrazak-gurnah-review-living-through-colonialism ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-10-07 .

??? [ ???????? ??? ]

Hand, Felicity (2012). "Becoming Foreign: Tropes of Migrant Identity in Three Novels by Abdulrazak Gurnah" (en ?????). Metaphor and Diaspora in Contemporary Writing . Palgrave Macmillan . ??????. 39?58. doi : 10.1057/9780230358454_3 . ISBN 978-1-349-33956-3 .
King, Bruce (2006). "Abdulrazak Gurnah and Hanif Kureishi: Failed Revolutions". The Contemporary British Novel Since 1980 . ??????? New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ??????. 85?94. doi : 10.1007/978-1-349-73717-8_8 . ISBN 978-1-349-73717-8 . OCLC 1104713636 .
Lavery, Charne (May 2013). "White-washed Minarets and Slimy Gutters: Abdulrazak Gurnah, Narrative Form and Indian Ocean Space". English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 117?127. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780686 . ISSN 0013-8398 .

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

Breitinger, Eckhard. "Gurnah, Abdulrazak S" . Contemporary Novelists . https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/gurnah-abdulrazak-s .
Jones, Nisha (2005). "Abdulrazak Gurnah in conversation". Wasafiri , 20:46, 37-42. doi : 10.1080/02690050508589982 .
"Gurnah, Abdulrazak S.". Contemporary Authors . 153 . Gale . 2007. ??????. 134?136 . ISBN 978-1-4144-1017-3 . ISSN 0275-7176 . OCLC 507351992 .
Whyte, Philip (2019). "East Africa in Postcolonial Fiction: History and Stories in Abdulrazak Gurnah's Paradise " (en ?????). Deutsch-Ostafrika: Dynamiken europaischer Kulturkontakte und Erfahrungshorizonte im kolonialen Raum . Peter Lang . ISBN 978-3-631-77497-7 . https://books.google.com/books?id=-A-dxQEACAAJ .

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

[BC-1] "Abdulrazak Gurnah" , Literature, British Council .

[2] Gurnah, "A Note on the Author." In Desertion , London: Bloomsbury , 2006, p. 263.

[:1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2021" . NobelPrize.org. 7 October 2021 . https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2021/summary/ ? ???? ??? ????: 7 October 2021 .

[:2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Flood, Alison (7 October 2021). "Abdulrazak Gurnah wins the 2021 Nobel prize in literature" . The Guardian . https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/07/abdulrazak-gurnah-wins-the-2021-nobel-prize-in-literature .

[:3-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "Nobel Literature Prize 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah named winner" . BBC News. 7 October 2021 . https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-58828947 .

[6] "Abdulrazak Gurnah" (en-GB ?????). Royal Society of Literature . Archived from the original on 2020-10-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201010131256/https://rsliterature.org/fellow/abdulrazak-gurnah-3/ ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-10-07 .

[7] Hand, Felicity (2015-03-15). "Searching for New Scripts: Gender Roles in Memory of Departure" (en ?????). Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction ???? 56 (2): 223?240. doi : 10.1080/00111619.2014.884991 . ISSN 0011-1619 . http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00111619.2014.884991 ? ???? ??? ????: 7 October 2021 .

[8] Mirmotahari, Emad (May 2013). "From Black Britain to Black Internationalism in Abdulrazak Gurnah's Pilgrims Way" (en ?????). English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 17?27. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780679 . ISSN 0013-8398 . http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00138398.2013.780679 ? ???? ??? ????: 7 October 2021 .

[9] Lewis, Simon (May 2013). "Postmodern Materialism in Abdulrazak Gurnah's Dottie : Intertextuality as Ideological Critique of Englishness" (en ?????). English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 39?50. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780680 . ISSN 0013-8398 .

[:0-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Kohler, Sophy (2017-05-04). "'The spice of life': trade, storytelling and movement in Paradise and By the Sea by Abdulrazak Gurnah" (en ?????). Social Dynamics ???? 43 (2): 274?285. doi : 10.1080/02533952.2017.1364471 . ISSN 0253-3952 .

[irishtimesnobel-11] "Nobel Prize in Literature 2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah honoured" (en ?????). The Irish Times . 2021-10-07 . https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/nobel-prize-in-literature-2021-abdulrazak-gurnah-honoured-1.4693669 .

[12] Olaussen, Maria (May 2013). "The Submerged History of the Indian Ocean in Admiring Silence " (en ?????). English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 65?77. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780682 . ISSN 0013-8398 .

[bookerprizeofficial-13] "Abdulrazak Gurnah" (en ?????). Booker Prize . https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/abdulrazak-gurnah ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-10-07 .

[14] Mars-Jones, Adam (2005-05-15). "It was all going so well" (en ?????). The Observer . http://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/15/fiction.features1 ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-10-07 .

[15] Kaigai, Kimani (May 2013). "At the Margins: Silences in Abdulrazak Gurnah's Admiring Silence and The Last Gift " (en ?????). English Studies in Africa ???? 56 (1): 128?140. doi : 10.1080/00138398.2013.780688 . ISSN 0013-8398 .

[16] Bosman, Sean James (2021-07-03). "'A Fiction to Mock the Cuckold': Reinvigorating the Cliche Figure of the Cuckold in Abdulrazak Gurnah's By the Sea (2001) and Gravel Heart (2017)" (en ?????). Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies ???? 7 (3): 176?188. doi : 10.1080/23277408.2020.1849907 . ISSN 2327-7408 .

[17] Mengiste, Maaza (2020-09-30). "Afterlives by Abdulrazak Gurnah review ? living through colonialism" (en ?????). The Guardian . http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/sep/30/afterlives-by-abdulrazak-gurnah-review-living-through-colonialism ? ???? ??? ????: 2021-10-07 .

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