??????????????? ?????????

??????????????? ????????? ;
	; "IPA" in IPA ( [a? p?iː e?] )
??????	???????? ? ????????? ??????????????
????	?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???
????	???? ? ???
???? ????	?????’???? ???????? , ?????? ?’?’?????? ???????? ?’??? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ; ;

?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????, ????, ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?????

??????????????? ????????? ?? ??-??-? ( ?????? : International Phonetic Alphabet ) ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ^[1] ??-??-? ?????????????, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??????, ?????????????, ????????, ??????????, ?????, ???????, ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ^[2]^[3]

??????? ??????? ??? ??????????????? ????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???	?????? ???	? / [k?] /-?? ???? ???????? ?????	???????? ???	IPA
?		?		/ ? /, / k? /
'	???? ???	(?')		/ ko /
?		??	?-???	/ ka /
?	?????? ?	??	?????? ?-???	/ ki /
?	????? ?	??	????? ?-???	/ ki /
?	?????? ?	??	?????? ?-???	/ ku /
?	????? ?	??	????? ?-???	/ ku /
?	??	??	?-???	/ kri /
?		??	?-???	/ k? / and / ke /
?	?'?	??	?-???	/ k?i /
?		??	?-???	/ k? /
?	?'?	??	?-???	/ k?w /

??????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

???	?????? ???	IPA
?		/ k /
?		/ k? /
?		/ ? /
?		/ ?? /
?		/ ŋ /
?	????? ?	/ s /
?	???????? ?	/ s /
?	??????? ?	/ z /
?		/ zh /
?		/ j /
?	???????? ?	/ t /
?	???????? ?	/ t? /
?	???????? ?	/ d /
?	???????? ?	/ d? /
?	???????? ?	/ n /
?	?????? ?	/ t /
?	?????? ?	/ t? /
?	?????? ?	/ d /
?	?????? ?	/ d? /
?	?????? ?	/ n /
?		/ p /
?		/ p? /
?		/ b /
?		/ b? /
?		/ m /
?	???????? ?	/ z /
?		/ ?
?		/ l /
?	?? ?	/ w /
?	?????? ?	/ x /~/ s /
?	???????? ?	/ x /~/ s /
?	?????? ?	/ x /~/ s /
?		/ h /
???		/ k?j /
??	??? ?	/ ? /
??	??? ?	/ ? /
??	???????? ??	/ j /
?	????? ? (???? ?)
?	???????
?	??????
?	????????????

???? ???? [ ???????? ??? ]

Ball, Martin J.; John H. Esling; B. Craig Dickson (1995). "The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality". Journal of the International Phonetic Association ???? 25 (2): 71?80. doi : 10.1017/S0025100300005181 .
Duckworth, M.; G. Allen; M.J. Ball (December 1990). "Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech". Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics ???? 4 (4): 273?280. doi : 10.3109/02699209008985489 .
Hill, Kenneth C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William (March 1988). "Review of Phonetic Symbol Guide by G. K. Pullum & W. Ladusaw". Language ???? 64 (1): 143?144. doi : 10.2307/414792 .
International Phonetic Association (1989). "Report on the 1989 Kiel convention". Journal of the International Phonetic Association ???? 19 (2): 67?80. doi : 10.1017/s0025100300003868 .
International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet . ??????? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0-521-65236-7 . (hb); ??.??.??.??. 0-521-63751-1 (pb).
Jones, Daniel (1988). English pronouncing dictionary (revised 14th ????????). ??????? London: Dent. ISBN 0-521-86230-2 . OCLC 18415701 . https://archive.org/details/englishpronounci00dani .
Ladefoged, Peter (September 1990). "The revised International Phonetic Alphabet". Language ???? 66 (3): 550?552. doi : 10.2307/414611 .
Ladefoged, Peter; Morris Halle (September 1988). "Some major features of the International Phonetic Alphabet". Language ???? 64 (3): 577?582. doi : 10.2307/414533 .
Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics . ??????? New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45031-4 . (hb); ??.??.??.??. 0-521-45655-X (pb).
Pullum, Geoffrey K. ; William A. Ladusaw (1986). Phonetic Symbol Guide . ??????? Chicago: University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0-226-68532-2 .
Skinner, Edith; Timothy Monich; Lilene Mansell (1990). Speak with Distinction . ??????? New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers. ISBN 1-55783-047-9 . https://archive.org/details/speakwithdistinc0000skin .
Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2011). An Introduction to Language (9th ????????). ??????? Boston: Wadsworth, Cenage Learning. ??????. 233 ?234. ISBN 978-1-4282-6392-5 . https://archive.org/details/introductiontola00from_616 .

????????? [ ???????? ??? ]

↑ International Phonetic Association (IPA), Handbook .
↑ MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic Notation" . In P. T. Daniels. The World's Writing Systems . ??????? New York: Oxford University Press . ??????. 821?846 . ISBN 0-19-507993-0 . https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/821 .
↑ Wall, Joan (1989). International Phonetic Alphabet for Singers: A Manual for English and Foreign Language Diction . Pst. ISBN 1-877761-50-8 .

??????? ????? [ ???????? ??? ]

[IPA_1999-1] International Phonetic Association (IPA), Handbook .

[world-2] MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic Notation" . In P. T. Daniels. The World's Writing Systems . ??????? New York: Oxford University Press . ??????. 821?846 . ISBN 0-19-507993-0 . https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/821 .

[3] Wall, Joan (1989). International Phonetic Alphabet for Singers: A Manual for English and Foreign Language Diction . Pst. ISBN 1-877761-50-8 .

[1]

[2]

[3]